Theories 1
Robert Merton's Strain Theory attributes deviance to the gap between socially accepted goals and a lack of these.
Social or cultural goals
Social Disorganization Theory states that deviance is highest in communities lacking social control and these interpersonal connections.
What are "weak social ties"
A youth who participates in Little League baseball and art classes has fewer opportunities to commit deviance due to this social bond.
What is "Involvement"
This strain adaptation describes individuals who accept societal goals but use illegal methods to reach them.
What is "innovation"
Social Disorganization Theory (sociologists Sampson and Groves) found that high delinquency rates correlated strongly with locality-level poverty and this family issues
What is "family disruption"
Secondary deviance can become so strong that it bestows this type of status, which overrides all other social identities.
What is a "master status"
People who give up on financial success but strictly follow social rules fit this Mertonian adaptation.
What is "Ritualism"
Conflict theorists challenge functionalism by arguing that crime and deviance stem directly from this issue.
What is "social (or economic) inequality"
An environmentalist who routinely picks up trash in a public park because they value a clean environment is demonstrating this social bond.
What is Belief?
Individuals who completely reject both societal goals and means, such as some people who beg or are homeless, fit this adaptation.
What is "Retreatism"
Edwin Sutherland established this theory, which posits that criminal behavior is learned through communication with close personal associates
What is "Differential Association Theory"
Sociologist Edwin Lemert defined initial norm violations that do not alter an individual's self-concept or social relationships as this.
What is "primary deviance"
This strain adaptation involves rejecting existing societal goals and means while actively substituting new ones.
What is "Rebellion"
This social bond measures our emotional connections to others and how much we care about their opinions of us.
What is "Attachment"
When a person internalizes a negative label, alters their self-concept, and acts out further in response to that label, they enter this stage.
What is "secondary deviance"