Vocab
This is the component of a solution that is dissolved — usually present in the smaller amount.
Solute
Of the three types of mixtures, this one has particles smaller than 1 nm, is transparent, and does not separate upon standing.
a solution
At this level of saturation, the solvent holds exactly as much solute as it can dissolve at a given temperature.
saturated
This is the equation used to solve dilution problems, relating the concentrations and volumes before and after dilution.
What is C₁V₁ = C₂V₂
In a serial dilution, this number represents the ratio of the final volume to the volume of sample transferred in each step.
dilution factor
This is the component of a solution that does the dissolving — usually the substance present in the greater amount
Solvent
his type of mixture has particles between 1–1000 nm, appears cloudy or milky, and scatters light
Colloid
This level of saturation means more solute could still dissolve meaning the solution has not yet reached its maximum capacity.
unsaturated
A chemist dilutes 50.0 mL of a 6.0 M HCl solution to a final volume of 300 mL. Using C₁V₁ = C₂V₂, this is the final concentration.
1.0 M
Serial dilutions are preferred over a single large dilution when a sample is extremely concentrated and a one-step dilution would cause this problem.
Too large a volume of solvent needed (impractical single-step dilution)
A solution in which the solvent is water is given this name.
Aqueous solution
This type of mixture has the largest particles (>1000 nm), is visibly cloudy, and will separate into layers if left undisturbed.
Suspension
This unstable saturation level occurs when a solution temporarily holds more dissolved solute than it normally could at a given temperature.
Supersaturated
This process describes reducing the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent; the amount of solute stays the same.
dilution
A sample is diluted 1:10, then 1:10 again, then 1:10 a third time. What is the overall dilution factor of the final solution
1:1000 (or 10-3)
This term describes a starting, high-concentration solution that is typically diluted before use.
stock solution
Metal alloys like bronze (copper + tin) or steel (iron + carbon) are examples of solutions in this physical state.
solid solution (alloy)
In general, as temperature increases for solid solutes in liquid solvents, the solubility does this; allowing more solute to dissolve.
solubility increases
A student needs to prepare 250 mL of 0.10 M NaCl from a 2.0 M stock. Using C₁V₁ = C₂V₂, this volume of stock solution is needed.
12.5 mL
A stock solution has a concentration of 1.0 M. After three serial 1:5 dilutions, this is the concentration of the final solution.
0.008 M (1.0 x (1/5)3
A solution containing a relatively small amount of solute compared to the solvent is called this, while its opposite contains a large amount of solute.
dilute solution
Air is an example of this type of solution, where all components exist in the same physical state at room temperature.
gaseous solution
Unlike solid solutes, the solubility of gases in liquids does this as temperature increases
decreases (solubility decreases as temperature increases)
Using M₁V₁ = M₂V₂, find the volume of a 12 M stock acid needed to prepare 500 mL of a 0.60 M solution.
25 mL
In each step of a serial dilution, 1 mL of sample is added to 9 mL of solvent. After four steps starting from a 500 mg/mL stock, this is the final concentration.
0.05 mg/mL (500 x (1/10)4)