GI
Antibiotics
Diabetic Agents
Thyroid
Adrenal
100
Describe the purpose of Ipecac.
Ipecac is an emetic agent used in situations involving poisonous substances or drug overdoses. It works by causing emesis to relieve the body of the toxic substance. NEVER GIVE IPECAC TO UNCONSCIOUS OR SEMICONSCIOUS patient due to risk of aspiration.
100
Stevens-Johnson's Syndrome is a side effect of which class of antibiotics?
Sulfonamide agent such as Bactrim.
This is a life-threatening condition due to use of some antibiotics. Begins as flu-like symptoms and eventually top layer of skin sheds off.
100
What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?
Type 1 Diabetes: insulin deficient; autoimmune --> beta cells in pancreas do not produce insulin --> insulin given as soon as patient is diagnosed
Type 2 Diabetes: insulin resistant (non-insulin dependent) and later on dysfunction of alpha and beta cells in pancreas i.e. pancreas wears out --> eventually will need insulin.
Insulin resistant = body does not respond to insulin as it normally should
100
How is metabolism in a person with hypothyroidism?
SLOW; they need thyroid hormone to replace the missing amount.
100
Describe some S/S of Cushing's syndrome.
Redistribution of body fat from arms and legs to face, trunk, shoulders, and abdomen; Moonface; Buffalo hump; Slow or poor healing of wounds
200
Which antiemetic agent is applied as an external patch behind the ear?
a. Diphenahydramine
b. Ipecac
c. Activated Charcoal
d. Scopolamine
d. Scopolamine
200
Why would a pharmacist add clavulanic acid, tazobactam, or sulfabactum to Penicillin?
prevent B-lactamase from breaking down drug
Some bacteria produce B-lactamase which allows the antibiotic to be broken down. By inhibiting this enzyme, the antibiotic can continue to be effective.
200
Which agent masks the S/S of hypoglycemia?
Beta blockers; patients taking beta blockers (the -lols) such as Metoprolol (Lopressor) and Propranol (Inderal) need to check the blood sugar to make sure they are not hypoglycemic.
200
A patient's Myxedema has worsened. Why is the nurse concerned?
Myxedema crisis can occur; this is a life threatening emergency because organs can start failing.
In Myxedema crisis, your body slows down so severely that everything begins to shut down — brain, heart, lungs, temperature regulation, metabolism.
200
What is Addison's disease?
Acute disorder due to hyposecretion or undersecretion of glucocorticoids
Life threatening emergency because this condition causes decreased blood sodium levels, decreased blood glucose and potassium levels, dehydration, and weight loss
300
Which anticholinergic also acts as an antidiarrheal?
Atropine:
How do Anticholinergics treat diarrhea?
Decrease peristalsis and muscle tone --> drying it up/slowing it down
Similar to how SNS affects GI --> bowel movements slow down so you do not go number 2
300
What is important to know about the different generations of Cephalosporins?
With each generation, the antibiotic is able to kill more bacteria i.e. more effective/stronger
300
Which type of insulin is effective for about 24 hours?
a. rapid-acting
b. intermediate
c. long-acting
d. regular or short acting
c. long - acting
Long acting - present in blood stream several hours after the injection and lowers blood glucose fairly evenly for about 24 hours (cloudy)
300
What are the indications for use of Iodine solution?
Presurgical suppression of the thyroid gland
Radioactive iodine used to fight thyroid cancer
300
Why does the dose for a corticosteroid agent need to be tapered off?
Adrenal crisis can occur due to sudden drop in serum levels of cortisone.
400
What do all laxatives cause?
ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES
400
What is the relationship between Aminoglycosides and Toxicity?
They carry a large risk for toxicity! Must check peak and trough level.
Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, vestibular toxicity
Monitor drug levels to prevent toxicities
#1Trough level is the lowest concentration in the patient's bloodstream. Specimen should be collected just prior to administration of the drug.
#2Peak level is the highest concentration of a drug in the patient's blood stream. Collected after absorption of drug. Usually 1 hr after b/c it takes 30 minutes for drug to enter body.
400
A patient that is taking metformin (Glucophage) is about to complete diagnostic imaging with contrast dye. Are there any precautions that need to be taken?
Patients should stop taking Metformin the day of and 48 hours after a diagnostic imaging due to risk of lactic acidosis build up due to interaction with contrast dye.
400
What is the purpose of administering Methimazole (Tapazole)?
Stops the thyroid gland from producing thyroid hormone.
400
True or False: Do corticosteroid hormones treat the underlying disease?
NO, corticosteroid agents only treat the acute stage of a disease i.e. does not cure it and this further suppresses the immune system
500
If a patient has a medical history of CHF or HTN, can they take any antacid?
No, they must take a low sodium antacid such as Riopan, Maalox, Mylanta II in order to avoid fluid retenion and a further increase in blood pressure due to increased sodium.
500
How does Redman's syndrome occur?
Occurs due to fast infusion of Vancomyin
Infuse over 60 minutes; monitor IV site closely
If infused too quickly - Redman's syndrome
Normal reaction - slow infusion; may administer antihistamine for "tomato head"
500
Which two types of insulin can be drawn up in one syringe?
Regular and long-acting insulin.
Draw up regular first (clear) and then long acting (cloudy)
500
A patient has been started on Levothyroxine (Synthroid). What should the nurse educate the patient about?
Take thyroid medication at the same time everyday.
Do not switch brands without MD or HCP approval.
Take thyroid agents once daily in the morning to decrease the likelihood of insomnia.
500
What can occur if taking NSAIDs and corticosteroid agents togehter?
worsen/additive GI effects/PUD