Clinical Psychology
This "talk therapy" approach, pioneered by Freud, focuses on unconscious thoughts and childhood experiences.
What is psychoanalysis?
People are less likely to help in an emergency because others are present.
What is the Bystander Effect?
Ivan Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a bell through this type of conditioning.
What is classical conditioning?
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
What is object permanence?
Walter Mischel's studies of delayed gratification used this treat to test children's self-control.
What is a marshmallow?
The standard reference manual for mental disorder is this.
What is the DSM-5 (or DSM-5-TR)?
The discomfort of holding two conflicting beliefs.
What is Cognitive Dissonance?
Two variables moving together does not prove one causes the other.
What is correlation?
The long-running debate over whether genes or environment shape development is known by this pair of terms.
What is nature versus nurture?
In Albert Bandura's 1961 study, children imitated adults who attacked this inflatable toy, showing that aggression can be learned by observation.
What is a Bobo doll?
A commonly used class of psychopharmacology medications that increase neuroplasticity and impacts the reuptake of serotonin.
What are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?
Attributing someone's behavior to their personality while underestimating the situation is called this error.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Participants improve simply because they believe they are receiving treatment.
What is the placebo effect?
This parenting style combines high warmth with firm, consistent expectations.
What is authoritative parenting?
This 1960s researcher's obedience studies were prompted by questions about the Holocaust.
Who is Stanley Milgram?
Francine Shapiro developed this trauma therapy, which uses guided eye movements while a client recalls distressing memories.
What is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy?
People who endure a painful or humiliating initiation often end up valuing the group more.
What is effort justification?
This part of the brain, shaped like a seahorse, is crucial for forming new long-term memories.
What is the hippocampus?
In Vygotsky's approach, the temporary support a teacher gives and gradually removes is called this.
What is scaffolding?
Philip Zimbardo's 1971 study at Stanford simulated this setting to explore the power of social roles.
What is a Prison?
The most widely used personality inventory in clinical settings.
What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (or MMPI)?
The tendency for people to exert less effort when working in a group than alone.
What is social loafing?
This neurotransmitter, linked to reward and motivation, is depleted in Parkinson's disease.
What is dopamine?
In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation, the three original attachment styles were secure, avoidant, and this one.
What is anxious-ambivalent?
Muzafer Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment showed that rival groups reduced hostility by working toward these shared aims.
What are superordinate goals?