TECHNICIANS OF SPACE AND INFRASTRUCTURE
While French theorists believed this transportation network would foster human universality and render war impossible, the German military command recognized it made waging war far easier
Railroads
Outside of extreme sovereign acts like torture and execution, Foucault maintains that even the most terrifying systems of power always leave room for these actions
resistance, disobedience, and oppositional groupings
According to the author architecture become political in THIS period
The 18th century
Often criticized as a "crypto-Stalinist," this modernist architect is defended by Foucault as having liberating intentions, even if built forms alone cannot ensure freedom
Le Corbusier
Unlike doctors, psychiatrists, or prison wardens, an architect does not act as a direct figure of domination over individuals for this simple practical reason
no control over what occupants change, alter, or tear down
It was not architects, but ______ and _____ as well as the ______ those are the people who thought out space.
Engineers, builders of bridges, roads, railways, polytechnicians
In works like The Order of Things, Foucault’s spatial descriptions were not mere literary metaphors, but studies of how fields like natural history transformed knowledge by literally doing this to their objects of analysis
spatializing them (or the spatialization of knowledge)
Eighteenth-century treatises on what subject placed extensive focus on architecture and urbanism
The police (or government techniques)
The author argues that no architectural project or institution can guarantee freedom by its nature, because liberty is ____
Practice
Rather than classifying architecture as either an exact or an inexact science, Foucault proposes understanding it through this Greek concept of practical rationality directed toward a conscious goal
teche
Engineers and builders trained at this French institution, rather than traditional architects, were the primary figures who thought out territorial space, roads, and bridges
École des Ponts et Chaussées
Aligning his historicist approach with Nietzsche rather than Habermas, Foucault defines the central task of modern critical philosophy as interrogating the historical effects, limits, and dangers of this
Reason
In seventeenth and eighteenth century France, this term did not refer to uniformed officers but a program of government rationality and regulation of the general conduct of individuals
Police
Architecture first became broadly political in the eighteenth century because it was integrated into political literature as a technique for this fundamental governmental purpose
Maintenance of social order
This is the moment all sorts of things changed and relations between individuals became possible.
the building of interior chimneys (hearths) became possible
The author states that architects are not the true masters of space because they do not control these three great spatial variables
Territory, communication, speed
Foucault criticizes postmodern tendencies to demonize the present in favor of an idealized, mythical past, warning against this nostalgic ideological concept
The ideology of the return
What ruler does the author place at the turn between the eighteenth-century police state and the modern state?
Napoleon
This can never be inherent in the structure of things
the guarentee of the exercise of freedom
A good study of peasant architecture in Europe shows this
the utter vanity of wanting to return to the little individual house with its thatched roof.
This type of installation represents an exceptional, simplified case where social hierarchy and the pyramid of power are read directly in the physical ground and tent layout
Military camp
Foucault uses Familistère (at Guise) built by Jean-Baptiste Godin to illustrate what
The same architecture can serve as an instrument of autonomy or an oppressive prison depending on how social relations are practiced
The rise of liberalism coincided with the discovery of this complex, independent reality that possesses its own laws and mechanisms of reaction
Society
Why shouldn't we assume everything new is the main source of oppression
To avoid idealizing the past or abandoning rational thinking
This is how architecture affects a city's organization
the construction of a collective infrastructure