Pre-Columbian America
The Toltec god Quetzalcoatl, or the "Feathered Serpent" was thought to be the god who gave the Mexican people corn and taught them this skill ________.
What is "How to Farm?"
The Cahokia and the Hopewell were builders of these structures in the central and southeastern United States?
What were the Mound Builders?
Isabella and Ferdinand married to unite the independent kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula in what is now this country.
What is Spain?
These men placed greater emphasis on the study and enjoyment of worldly things than on spiritual matters.
Who are the Humanists?
Michelangelo included horns on the sculpture of Moses because this Roman Catholic bible translation mistranslated a verse in scripture that said "Moses' face shone." as "Moses had horns."
What is the Latin Vulgate?
John Wycliffe's followers, known as ___________, translated the Bible into English and wandered across the English countryside and preached anti-clerical and biblically centered reforms.
Who were the Lollards?
He wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion, and believed that man's chief end was to glorify God and enjoy him forever.
Who is John Calvin?
This trading civilization was the only great pre-columbian civilization to live and trade by the sea as well as on land, and also used cacao beans for currency.
Who were the Mayans?
This tribe of Indians was the only tribe to have a king, called the "Great Sun" who was considered so sacred that he never even walked.
Who are the Natchez?
The results of the Hundred Years War for government in France was ________ . (and why)
Increased power or the King due to decimation of local lords.
This early reformer believed the Catholic Church should return to the simple teachings of Jesus, and went back to the original manuscripts to publish a greek translation of the New Testament in 1517.
Who is Erasmus?
The idea that kings were chosen by God to rule and were granted direct divine authority was known as ____________.
What is the Divine Right of Kings?
This Bohemian reformer was burned at the stake in 1417 for attacking Catholic Church clerical authority and corruption, and claiming that Jesus, not the pope, was the head of the Christian Church. His death led to a revolt against the church, that prompted Pope Martin V to call for a Crusade against the King of Bohemia.
Who is Jan Hus? (or John Huss)
Calvin believed in the absolute sovereignty of God. He believed that God decided before the foundation of the world which people he would save, known as _________.
The most warlike society in Mesoamerica was the ________, whose main purpose of war was to capture prisoners, including women and children, and sacrifice them to their gods.
Who are the Aztecs?
These southeastern tribes: the Creeks, Chickasaw's, Choctaw's, and the Cherokees, were considered ________ because they built permanent homes of wood, built large settlements, and farmed their land.
What is "civilized"?
To control the nobles, Ferdinand and Isabella initiated this to locate and persecute subjects not loyal to the Roman Catholic Church.
What is the Spanish Inquisition?
This sculptor and artist paid careful attention to anatomy in his lifelike figures of Pieta, David, and Moses, in addition to painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.
Who is Michelangelo?
Simony was the practice of selling _________ to the highest bidder regardless of qualifications.
What are vacant church positions?
This man developed the printing press in 1440 in Mainz, Germany, making it possible for scholars across Europe to translate the Bible into the "vulgar" languages.
Who is Johannes Gutenberg?
A group of christians following the teachings of __________ rejected Calvin's teachings, instead emphasizing human choice, free will, and responsibility.
Who is Jacob's Arminius? (Arminians)
The priests were the rulers in this civilization.
Who were the Mayans?
The Plains Indians lived in hide tipis (tepees) when they went to hunt buffalo. They had to be dragged by ________, who were the only beasts of burden in North America at the time.
What are Dogs?
Muhammad II was the sultan who conquered this empire in 1453 and changed the beautiful Christian Cathedral of St. Sophia into a Muslim Mosque.
What is the Byzantine Empire (or Constantinople)?
This Italian renaissance artist painted both the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
Who is Leonardo da Vinci?
A double papacy lasted 40 years, where one pope was supported by France (Clement VII) and another supported by Rome (Urban VI). This was known as __________.
The Papal Schism.
One of the most lasting arguments of Martin Luther's 95 Thesis was Sola Fide, the belief the man should live ____________.
What is "By Faith Alone"?
King Henry VIII of England split from the Roman Catholic Church for this reason and prompted Parliament to form the Church of England.
What is to divorce his wife who did not give him a male heir?
This civilization built a capital city called Tenochtitlan, which started on an island in the lake and could only be reached by water.
Who are the Aztecs?
These people lived in the southwest United States, were very poor and lived in communal apartment-like dwellings built from mud and stone.
Who were the Pueblo?
The result of the Hundred Years War for the government of England was _________. (and why)
Increased power of Parliament because the King was required to cede power to raise money for war.
This Polish scientist formulated a model of the universe in 1543 that placed the sun at its center, before this everyone believed that the sun, stars, and planets moved around the earth.
Who is Nicolaus Copernicus?
This council was called by the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund in 1414 to settle the question of papal schism and also sentenced a reformer to be burned at the stake.
What is the Council of Constance?
This is the Roman Catholic belief that the bread and the wine in communion becomes the actual body and blood of Jesus when taken by a believer.
What is Transubstantiation?
This Council reformed many of the corruptions of the Roman Catholic Church, but strongly condemned the Protestant doctrine of Justification by Faith alone, thus reforming abuse without reforming any of its doctrine.
What is the Council of Trent?
The three most terrible crimes in this culture were stealing, lying and laziness-- which was punishable by death.
Who are the Incas?
At a _________, the host would destroy or give away a latch quantity of valuable possessions, and the guest was then expected to return the honor by giving away or destroying even more in order to maintain his prestige.
What is a Potlatch?
The War of the Roses was a conflict concerned between these two families, both of whom claimed the right to rule England.
Who are the houses of Lancaster and the York?
Sir Thomas More wrote a book called ________ that depicted a country that had the perfect government, schools, law courts, and commercial system.
What is Utopia?
The people claimed he had the power to cancel a person's penance by selling him ________, with reduced the penance required after a sin has been forgiven or time spent by a dead relative in purgatory.
What is an Indulgence?
Why was Germany fertile ground for Reformers to spread their message of reform of the Roman Catholic Church?
Because of weak central government, local rulers of Independent duchies could protect a protester from persecution.
This reformer drew up the Articles of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland in 1560.
Who is John Knox?
Tezcatlipoca, meaning the "Mirror that Smokes" was a dark deity considered to be the god of evil and death. His Toltec followers believed that he wanted to be fed the warm __________ of his human victims.
What is a beating heart?
In the 15th century, a league was organized by five tribes, the Senecas, cayuga, Onondagas, Oneidas, and Mohawks known as _______________?
What are The Five Nations of the Iroquois?
This Hundred Years War began in A.D. 1328 when Edward the III of England claimed to be the rightful king of France because his mother was the sister of the last Capetian King. His claim was ignored by the French for this reason.
What is that "a woman could not inherit property, including the throne, or past on to her children"?
This is Dante's most famous book, which depicts a guided tour through hell and heaven.
What is the Divine Comedy?
The Papacy was relocated to the French city of Avignon from 1309-1377 and was controlled largely by the French king, delegitimizing the Pope. This period was known as ____________.
What is the Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy?
The reformation was largely a question of Authority, and who has it, the Roman Catholic Church or the Bible. John Wycliffe concluded that, If the Bible was the Christian's authority, Christians should be reading it. This was not possible why?
The only bibles available at the time were the Latin Vulgate, and common Christians, and even Catholic clergy, could not read it.
French Protestants called _________ were killed in what became known as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, where Roman Catholics killed more than 3000 men, women and children, and destroyed 22 villages.
Who were the French Huguenots? (French Calvinist Protestants)