Phonetics & IPA
Broad phonemic transcription involves:
A. The use of IPA symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks
B. The use of diacritical markers to transcribe phonemes within slash marks
C. The transcription of allophones by placing them within brackets
D. The transcription of allophones using diacritical markers
A. Broad phonemic transcription involves use of IPA symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks.
During typical speech production, vowels:
A. Are often unvoiced
B. Require interrupted airflow
C. Require a lowered velum
D. May stand alone
D. During speech production, vowels may stand alone (not true of consonants)
The back-and-forth movement of air molecules because of a vibrating object is referred to as
A. oscillation.
B. amplitude.
C. velocity.
D. displacement.
A. The back-and-forth movement of air molecules because of a vibrating object is referred to as oscillation.
An octave is
A. the amount of molecular displacement per unit of time
B. the amount of time between cycles.
C. an indication of interval between two frequencies
D. measure of the magnitude (intensity, strength) of the sound signal.
C. An octave is an indication of the interval between two frequencies
A spectrogram is
A. an instrument to measure the acoustic properties of spoken speech sounds
B. a graphic display on which the time taken to produce a speech sound is shown on the vertical axis.
C. a graphic display of time, intensity, and frequency.
D. an instrument into electrical impulses
C. A spectrogram is a graphic display or time, intensity, and frequency recorded with the help of a spectrograph.
If a speaker said, “I just love ’em and leave ’em,” the phrase “leave ’em” could be transcribed as:
A. [liv ʊm]
B. [lev em]
C. /liv ʊhm/
D. /liv m/
D. If a speaker said, "I just love 'em and leave 'em," the phrase "leave 'em" could be transcribed as /liv m,/.
The /r/ and /l/ sounds may both be categorized as:
A. Rhotics
B. Glides
C. Laterals
D. Liquids
D. The /r/ and /l/ sounds may both be categorized as liquids
The two properties of a medium that affect sound transmission are
A. amplitude and intensity.
B. mass and elasticity.
C. compression and rarefaction
D. pressure and force.
B. The two properties of a medium that affect sound transmission are mass and elasticity.
A natural frequency is a frequency
A. with which a source of sound vibrates naturally
B. that is unrelated to the mass and stiffness of the vibrating body
C. that is the center frequency of a formant
D. that refers to the simple harmonic motion
A. A natural frequency is a frequency with which a source of sound vibrates naturally and that is affected by the mass and stiffness of the vibrating body
Formant frequencies are
A. the frequencies with which the vocal folds vibrate.
B. the typical or fundamental frequency of laryngeal tone
C. unrelated to speech perception
D. resonant frequencies of the cavities above the larynx
D. Formant frequencies are resonant frequencies of the cavities above the larynx, not the frequencies of the laryngeal tone.
Diacritical marks are:
A. Useful in making broad phonetic transcription
B. Useful in making narrow phonetic transcription that gives more detailed information about a speaker’s phonetic characteristics
C. Not useful in transcribing disordered speech
D. Used only in the analysis of speech with a foreign accent
B. Diacritical marks are useful in making narrow phonetic transcription that gives more detailed information on a speaker's phonetic characteristics.
A semivowel categorized as a voiced bilabial glide that is +anterior and +continuant is:
A. /j/
B. /w/
C. /ʃ/
D. /r/
B. The /w/ sound is a semivowel that can be categorized as a voiced bilabial glide that is +anterior and +continuant
A sinusoidal wave is a sound wave
A. that is asymmetrical
B. with multiple peaks and valleys
C. with multiple frequencies
D. that is a result of simple harmonic motion
D. A sinusoidal wave is a sound wave that is a result of simple harmonic motion.
The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is also known as
A. the fundamental frequency or second harmonic
B. the fundamental frequency or first harmonic.
C. the formant frequency of the first harmonic.
D. the first octave or the fundamental frequency
B. The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is also known as the fundamental frequency or first harmonic
Visually displayed formant transitions
A. show changes in frequency due to articulatory movements from one sound to the other
B. typically cannot display the noise bursts associated with speech production
C. can show only the amplitude of the vocal tone.
D. can display speech frequencies but not silent intervals in speech.
A. Visually displayed formant transitions show changes in frequency due to articulatory movements from one sound to the other
The “typical” speaker of Standard American English would produce the word “emancipation” as:
A. /Imans^peAn/
B. /imans^elʃan/
C. /ImænsəpeIʃən/
D. /Imansapeʃn/
C. /ImænsəpeIʃən/
The term coda refers to:
A. The nucleus of the syllable
B. The initial sound in a syllable
C. The consonant at the end of the syllable
D. Open syllables
C. The consonant at the end of the syllable.
When two or more sounds of differing frequencies are combined, the result is a
A. complex tone whose vibrations may be periodic or aperiodic.
B. complex tone; the vibrations are always periodic, where waves repeat themselves at regular intervals.
C. pure tone, where the vibrations are usually periodic
D. pure tone, where the vibrations are always periodic, aperiodic.
A. When two or more sounds of differing frequencies are combined, the result is a complex tone; the vibrations that make up this complex tone may be said to be periodic or aperiodic.
In a periodic complex sound, tones that occur over the fundamental frequency and can be characterized as whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency are called
A. complex sinusoidal wave forms
B. autocorrelational periodic wave forms
C. harmonics
D. tonal configuration forms
C. In a periodic complex sound, tones that occur over the fundamental frequency and can be characterized as whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency are called harmonics
To distinguish one speech sound from the other, the listener primarily depends on
A. the frequency of the laryngeal tone
B. the formant structures of speech sounds
C. the F4 formant frequency.
D. the amplitude of vocal fold vibrations.
B. To distinguish one speech sound from the other, the listener depends on the formant structures of speech sounds.
The term coarticulation refers to:
A. Speech sounds being modified due to adjacent sounds to the point of perceptual changes
B. Changes in vocal tract configuration during consonants and vowels
C. The influence of one phoneme on another in production and perception wherein two different articulators move simultaneously
D. The influence of syllables on one another when reciting a phonetically balanced word list
C. Coarticulation is specifically defined as the influence of one phoneme on another in production and perception wherein two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds.
Manner of articulation refers to:
A. The degree or type of constriction of the vocal tract during consonant production
B. The actions of the primary articulators
C. Vocal fold vibrations during speech
D. A distinction between consonants and vowels
A. The manner of articulation refers to the degree or type of constriction of the vocal tract during consonant production.
Compared to unstressed syllables, stressed syllables are typically
A. softer in intensity.
B. longer and higher in pitch.
C. lower in pitch
D. shorter in duration
B. Stressed syllables are longer and higher in pitch compared to unstressed syllables
Acoustic analysis of a speaker's production of a vowel generally shows that
A. F2 varies mostly as a result of tongue height, and F1 varies mostly as a result of tongue position (variation in the anterior-to-posterior position of the tongue in the oral cavity).
B. F2 varies mostly as a result of tongue height and F3 varies mostly as a result of tongue advancement (variation in the anterior-to-posterior position of the tongue in the oral cavity).
C. F1 varies mostly as a result of tongue height, and F3 varies mostly as a result of tongue advancement (variation in the anterior-to-posterior position of the tongue in the oral cavity).
D. F1 varies mostly as a result of tongue height, and F2 varies mostly as a result of tongue advancement (variation in the anterior-to-posterior position of the tongue in the oral cavity).
D. F1 varies mostly as a result of tongue height, and F2 varies mostly as a result of tongue advancement (variation in the anterior-to-posterior position of the tongue in the oral cavity).
An analysis of the acoustic features of consonants
A. is the same as that of vowels
B. is easier than the analysis of vowels
C. should take into consideration the voice onset time.
D. need not consider formant transitions
C. In addition to formant frequencies and other variables, an analysis of the acoustic features of consonants should take into consideration the voice onset time.