Child Development
Name the 4 parenting types and describe the roles of each.
Authoritarian - Parents impose rules and expect obedience.
Permissive - Parents submit to children's demands.
Authoritative - Parents are demanding but responsive to their children.
Uninvolved - Parents have low responsiveness and demandingness.
What is the Unconditioned Stimulus and Unconditioned Response in Pavlov's study?
The Unconditioned Stimulus is food, and salivation production is the Unconditioned Response.
What is spontaneous recovery?
After a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers, but if the CS (tone) persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again. (Ex. prevents further learning of the habit when US (food) is not present).
What is the function of the hippocampus?
The hippocampus is the neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories; processes memory.
(If you see a hippo on campus, you are more likely to remember it).
What is eugenics?
Eugenics is the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.
What were the three patterns of romantic attachments for adults, and what are the percentages of each?
Secure - 60%
Insecure/avoidant - 25%
Insecure/ambivalent - 15%
What was Pavlov's contribution to Psychology? (Think of saliva).
What was Watson's contribution to Psychology? (Think of of fear).
Pavlov's experiment revealed the mechanisms of classical conditioning through dogs salivation.
Watson's experiment involved using classical conditioning to create phobias in children through successive introductions (CS) that result in fear (CR).
What is extinction?
When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR (salivation) begins to decrease and eventually causes extinction.
The Loftus and Palmer Hit/'smash study' is an example of what collective effect?
The misinformation and imagination effect.
(eyewitnesses reconstructed their memories when questioned about the severity of the event; i.e. 'hit' versus 'smashed into' when recalling the amount of broken glass between two cars).
When and where did the eugenics movement begin?
The eugenics movement began in the early 20th century in England, which spread to other countries.
Who developed the 'strange situation task', and what did they look for in the child?
Ainsworth & Bell developed the 'strange situation task', and looked at the child's protest to separation, reaction to stranger danger, and reunion behavior.
Who conducted the Bobo doll study that confirmed children learn through watching others that receive rewards or punishments for behavior?
Albert Bandura.
Describe stimulus discrimination.
Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (Ex. bell ringing at different decibels).
What does the hot air balloon study convey?
When shown a real photograph with research participants edited in, some participants constructed a false memory about themselves related to that event.
Name 4 of the 'big players' in the Eugenics movement. (One is not a proponent, and their work was used for the wrong purpose).
Sir Francis Galton, Lewis Terman, and Henry Goddard (all proponents of Eugenics) are examples of some big players in the Eugenics movement.
Alfred Binet was NOT a proponent of Eugenics; opposed the view entirely. His work for IQ testing was misused by eugenicists.
Name the three attachment patterns in attachment theory related to the child's relationship with parents. (Acronym: ASA)
Avoidant - Associated with unresponsive primary care.
Secure Attachment - Associated with sensitive & responsive primary care.
Ambivalent - Associated with inconsistent primary care.
What two factors result in the Unconditioned Response?
When the neutral stimulus (bell) and the unconditioned stimulus (food) are paired, it results in salivation (CR).
What is an example of an extinctor in operant conditioning?
What does false memory research tell us, according to Loftus?
Our minds will construct memories based on scenarios given to us, whether we lived them or not.
Why were children confined at the Fernald School?
They were thought to be "feeble-minded" due to their lower IQ, and because of their parents who did not want them to live with them anymore left them there.
Give the percentages of the children who were secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-anxious. Then, name the characteristics associated with each for the child observed.
Secure: 60%; upset when mother left, wary of stranger when mom not present, happy when she returned.
Insecure-avoidant: 25%; didn't care when mom left and returned, or about the stranger being present.
Insecure-anxious: 15%; checked for mother's presence, upset when she left, clinginess when mother returned.
What two factors are present after conditioning?
The neutral stimulus (tone/CS) results in salivation (food UR/CR).
What is an example of a positive and negative reinforcer in operant conditioning?
Positive: Praising a child for doing well on a test. (Adding something to increase a wanted behavior)
Negative: Taking cold medicine when you are feeling unwell. (Adding something to remove an unwanted behavior)
Two-thirds; (2/3).
What is Williams syndrome, and what are some of the positives and negatives associated with having this condition?
Williams syndrome is a genetic condition that is present at birth and can affect anyone. It is characterized by medical problems, including cardiovascular disease, developmental delays, and learning disabilities. These occur side by side with striking verbal abilities, highly social personalities and an affinity for music.