U.S. & Washington State Laws
This federal immigration policy, introduced in 2012, provides temporary protection from deportation and work authorization for certain undocumented individuals who were brought to the United States as children and meet specific eligibility requirements.
What is Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)?
In 2022, a program in the city of Seattle pushed for increased translation across Seattle public transportation in the metropolitan area.
What is the ORCA program?
This Seattle-based organization provides free legal aid, helps families navigate complex immigration laws, and creates "Know Your Rights" guides so youth don't have to translate legal documents alone
What is the Northwest Immigrant Rights Project (NWIRP)?
In her 2023 article, Vanessa Delgado examines the systems of invisible labor within immigrant families of this specific pan-ethnic identity.
What is Latin@s? (Acceptable: Latine, Latino/a, Latinx)
Unaccompanied youths—many of whom are undocumented Latino/a teenagers in low-wage jobs—feel a sense of urgency to work and send money to loved ones. This urgency to work can position undocumented teenagers to take on jobs with what type of conditions?
What is exploitative conditions?
This Washington state law prohibits state and local law enforcement including school resource officers from asking about immigration status, participating in civil immigration enforcement, or detaining people solely for federal immigration agencies. It also restricts state agencies from sharing personal information with the Department of Homeland Security.
What is the Keep Washington Working Act (KWW)
In 2017 Seattle Mayor, Tim Burgess signed this executive order to increase English proficiency across the greater Seattle area.
What is the Language Access Executive Order?
Because immigrant parents face a 13% higher rate of being "unbanked" than native-born peers, families often rely on this Seattle-headquartered credit union known for accepting ITINs (Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers) so families can safely open bank accounts.
What is BECU (Boeing Employees Credit Union)? (Acceptable: Any credit union that accepts ITINs)
According to Vanessa Delgado, gender can affect brokering patterns as this specific family member may tend to do more labor within their family.
What is the daughter? (Acceptable: girl, sister, women, etc.)
Increased alcohol, tobacco and drug use, minor delinquency, lack of adequate sleep and exercise, increased rates of dropping out of high school, and decreased overall educational attainment are associated with what common adolescent behavior?
What is working 20+ hours a week?
This law protects workers from unauthorized workplace immigration enforcement actions by requiring employers to request judicial warrants before allowing federal immigration agents into non-public work areas and by prohibiting retaliation against workers who exercise their rights.
What is the Immigrant Worker Protection Act?
The Yakima School district had limited dual-language and translation programs until when?
When was spring 2021?
Located in the SeaTac and Burien area, this community organization offers bilingual youth programs, after-school academic support, and case management to help Latine students balance school with their household responsibilities
What is Colectiva Legal del Pueblo OR Para Los Niños?
A 2021 study on Mexican American families found that while youth frequently broker for both parents, adolescents report a significantly higher total volume of language brokering for this specific caregiver.
What is the mother (Acceptable: mom)
Language brokering often begins around the ages of 8-10 years old. Brokering can position young people to witness moments in which their parents become targets of which three social phenomena?
What is racism, xenophobia, and nativism?
Passed in 1986, this federal law granted legal status to nearly three million undocumented immigrants while also increasing penalties for employers who knowingly hired unauthorized workers.
What is the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)?
Prior to the establishment of expanded translation services across the greater Seattle area, much of the burden to translate fell onto the children of immigrants, the author Hyeyoung Kwon would refer to these children as?
Language Brokers
Under Washington State guidelines, this specific office within public school districts is legally required to provide free interpretation and translation services so bilingual students don't have to act as professional translators during parent-teacher conferences.
What is the Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction (OSPI) Equity and Civil Rights Office? (Acceptable: School District Translation Services)
To the nearest ten thousand, this is the number of multilingual learners served by Washington State public schools.
What is 160,000? (Acceptable: 140,000 to 160,000)
Many Latinx adolescents begin working in agriculture, often alongside their parents, to help financially support the family. Those who are exposed to pesticides on the job may be more vulnerable to developing which three chronic health conditions?
What is asthma, cancer, or neurobehavioral dysfunction?
This federal law, signed in 1996, significantly expanded deportation grounds and increased immigration enforcement powers.
What is the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA)?
This Local New York City Law requires agencies to offer interpretative services and translated documents.
What is New York City Local Law 30?
Founded in 1978 in Seattle's South Park, this statewide organization provides healthcare, housing assistance, and education to seasonal farmworker families, reducing financial and medical stresses.
What is Sea Mar Community Health Centers?
According to a Pew Research Center study, this percentage of Latine Youth (16–25) who ended their education during or immediately after high school left school because they needed to financially support their family.
What is 74%?
According to Delgado’s 2023 study on invisible labor, children who learn about their parents’ financial problems through language brokering can experience what sociological concept?
What is the “hidden injury of class” (psychological damage that class divides inflict on an individual's self-worth and dignity)