A & P
What are the four basic tissue types?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
Innate Internal defenses?
•phagocytes, chemicals, immune processes to attack foreign substances that breach the natural barrier
What are the four links in the disease-process chain?
Etiology → pathogenesis → structural or functional change → clinical manifestations.
What should guide the choice of a diagnostic test?
Start with the history and physical exam to form a differential diagnosis. Order a test when its result could meaningfully affect diagnosis, treatment, or prognosis.
How do bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites differ?
Bacteria are independently living prokaryotic cells. Viruses replicate inside host cells. Fungi include budding yeasts and filamentous molds. Parasites include organisms ranging from microscopic protozoa to worms.
What are the three main components of connective tissue?
Cells, fibers, and ground substance
•Major cellular components of the immune system consist of?
–Granulocytic cells: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils and mast cells
–Lymphocytes: Monocytes and macrophages, T cells, B cells, NK Cells
Define atrophy, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia.
Atrophy is decreased cell size, hypertrophy is increased cell size, and hyperplasia is increased cell number.
What is the difference between accuracy and precision?
Accuracy is how close a result is to the true value. Precision is how closely repeated results agree with one another.
What do Gram-positive, Gram-negative, coccus, and bacillus describe?
Gram-positive and Gram-negative describe differences in bacterial cell envelopes and staining. A coccus is round; a bacillus is rod-shaped.
What are the three formed elements of blood?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
What are cytokines?
Small soluble proteins
How do necrosis and apoptosis differ in their usual effect on surrounding tissue?
Necrosis involves loss of membrane integrity and release of cell contents, typically provoking inflammation. Apoptosis is regulated cell death that usually causes little surrounding inflammation.
What is a reference interval, and why can a healthy person have a result outside it?
A reference interval commonly includes about 95% of a reference population. Some healthy people therefore fall outside it.
What is normal flora, and when can it cause disease?
Normal flora are microorganisms that ordinarily live on or in the body without causing illness. They can become opportunistic pathogens when they enter a normally sterile site or host defenses are weakened.
Where do B cells and T cells mature?
B cells mature in the bone marrow; T cells mature in the thymus
What is cytokines TNF?
•TNF mediates transcription of many proteins
What are the main stages of wound healing?
Hemostasis, inflammation, cell migration and proliferation, granulation tissue formation, and remodeling. These stages overlap.
What are positive and negative predictive values?
Positive predictive value is the chance that a person with a positive result has the disease. Negative predictive value is the chance that a person with a negative result does not have it. Both depend on disease prevalence.
What is the difference between aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative anaerobic bacteria?
Aerobes require oxygen; obligate anaerobes cannot grow in oxygen; facultative anaerobes can grow with or without it.
How do dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue differ?
Dense regular tissue has parallel collagen fibers that resist pulling in one direction. Dense irregular tissue has collagen bundles running in several directions, allowing it to resist tension from multiple directions
What are APC's?
Antigen Presenting Cells
How does primary-intention healing differ from secondary-intention healing?
Primary intention occurs when wound edges are close together and usually produces a smaller scar. Secondary intention occurs with greater tissue loss and separated edges, requiring more granulation tissue, contraction, and scarring.
What does hematocrit measure?
The percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells.
What do alpha and beta hemolysis mean?
Alpha hemolysis is partial breakdown of red blood cells around a colony on blood agar. Beta hemolysis is complete breakdown.