Kurt Lewin
What are the three stages of Kurt Lewin's Change Theory?
Unfreezing, Changing (or Moving), and Refreezing.
How many psychosocial stages are included in Erikson's theory?
Eight psychosocial stages.
What aspect of human development does Kohlberg's theory explain?
How moral reasoning develops — how people think about right and wrong.
What is the first stage of Lewin's theory, in which people prepare to accept a change?
Unfreezing — recognizing the need for change and preparing people to accept it.
Which psychosocial stage focuses on developing trust in caregivers during infancy?
Trust vs. Mistrust.
A student nurse follows hospital rules because they believe that obeying laws and authority helps maintain social order. Which stage of Kohlberg's theory does this represent?
Stage 4 — Maintaining Social Order. Explanation: The student nurse believes that laws, rules, and authority are important for maintaining order in society.
A person follows laws because they believe rules help maintain social order. Which stage of Kohlberg's theory does this illustrate?
Refreezing — reinforcing and maintaining the new practice.
A 16-year-old patient begins exploring personal beliefs, values, and future career goals while trying to understand who they are. Which stage of Erikson's theory does this represent?
Identity vs. Role Confusion. Explanation: Adolescents explore their identity, personal values, beliefs, and future goals.
A nurse follows professional rules because they believe that being a responsible healthcare professional means meeting society's expectations and fulfilling their duties. Which stage of moral development does this demonstrate?
Stage 3 — Good Interpersonal Relationships, also called the "Good Boy–Good Girl" orientation. Explanation: The person acts according to social expectations and wants to be seen as responsible or good.
A hospital introduces a new handwashing protocol. Nurses first learn why the old practice must change, then begin using the new protocol. Which stage involves actually adopting the new practice?
Changing (or Moving) — putting the new behavior or practice into action.
A 45-year-old nurse mentors student nurses, shares professional knowledge, and helps improve patient care for the next generation. Which psychosocial conflict is demonstrated?
Generativity vs. Stagnation. Explanation: Adults contribute to future generations through mentoring, work, and community involvement.
A student nurse follows hospital rules because they believe that obeying laws and authority helps maintain social order. Which stage of Kohlberg's theory does this represent?
Stage 3 — Good Interpersonal Relationships, also called the "Good Boy–Good Girl" orientation. Explanation: The person acts according to social expectations and wants to be seen as responsible or good.
A nurse resists a new infection-control procedure because they are comfortable with the old method. According to Lewin's theory, what should the nurse manager do first, and why?
Begin unfreezing by explaining why the change is needed, addressing concerns, and helping staff understand the benefits.
An elderly patient reflects on their life and feels proud of their accomplishments, accepts their mistakes, and believes their life had meaning. Using Erikson's theory, identify the developmental stage, its central conflict, and the positive outcome the patient demonstrates.
Integrity vs. Despair. Explanation: Older adults reflect on their lives. Integrity means accepting their life as meaningful, including both accomplishments and mistakes.
A nurse believes that a hospital policy is unfair because it violates a patient's fundamental rights. The nurse evaluates the policy using ethical principles rather than blindly following authority. Which level of Kohlberg's theory does this most closely represent?
Postconventional morality, especially Stage 5 — Social Contract and Individual Rights. Explanation: The nurse considers fundamental rights and ethical principles when evaluating whether a policy is fair.