Reasons for Exploration
What was one main reason for Europeans to explore and to related motives?
Profit, Competitivness, and Asian Goods
Which Portuguese prince sponsored early explorations along the African coast and became known as the Navigator?
Prince Henry
Which country had a lengthy head start over England, France, and the Netherlands in claiming territory in the Americas?
Spain
Which three European countries began establishing colonies in the Americas after Spain and Portugal?
England, France, and the Netherlands (Dutch)
What was Indenturde Servitude?
A person agreed to work for a period of time, 4 to 7 years in return for passage to the Americas, for food and a place to live
According to the map on pg 198, which explore was the earliest to leave Europe and who was the last?
Diaz and Hudson
What did Portuguese explorers trade for along the West African coast?
Gold, enslaved people, ivory, textiles, and copper
What was the Northwest Passage that explorers such as John Cabot, Jacques Cartier, and Henry Hudson were trying to find?
A sea route through North America to Asia via the Arctic Ocean
What did Dutch and English pirates attack in the Caribbean to obtain silver and other valuable cargo?
Spanish ships
What were the conditions in the Middle Passage like? Give 3 examples
no room to stretch or stand, males chainned into place, food limited and low quality, conditions were unsanitary, diesease, rape, tourture and force feeding
What new ship allowed Europeans to sail against the wind? What was so important about it?
The Caravel, it could sail against the wind
Why did the Portuguese eventually prefer trading for enslaved Africans instead of raiding African villages?
Africans resisted the raids, local rulers opposed them, and trading was more economically practical.
Which French explorer sailed up the Saint Lawrence River as far as present-day Montreal in 1535, helping France later claim Canada?
Jacques Cartier
By the mid-1600s, what two major ways were England, France, and the Netherlands competing with Spain?
They exported or traded products such as sugar to Europe and supplied Spain's colonies with manufactured goods.
What was the social order of Latin America?
Whites colonists, Mestizos, Africans and Natives (indigenous)
What role did Christianity play according to the reading?
it established mssions in Africa and Asia and wanted to spread Christianity to help save souls
What did Portugal gain from the pope's 1455 decision regarding trade along the West African coast?
Exclusive trading rights south of Cape Bojador, allowing Portugal to control and profit from the trade.
Henry Hudson explored the Hudson River for the Netherlands in 1609 and Hudson Bay for England in 1610. What was he trying to find on both voyages?
The Northwest Passage to Asia
Why were Indigenous peoples in the Americas especially vulnerable to diseases such as smallpox and measles?
Had little to no immunity to the disease brought by Europeans
What food crop remained an important item to this day?
The potato
Based on this section, which explorer circumnavigated the Earth?
Magellan and Del Cano
Who Found unknown land and called it what?
Pedro Cabral and Brazil
How did the voyages of Captain James Cook contribute to the development of the new global system?
Cook explored and mapped Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, other Pacific islands, and part of the western coast of North America, helping connect the Pacific region to the expanding global system.
What was the Great Dying, and how did it affect European colonization of the Americas?
The Great Dying was the massive death of Indigenous peoples from diseases brought by Europeans. It weakened Indigenous resistance and opened land for European settlement, making conquest easier.
Explain how the Columbian Exchange and the Triangular trade are related?
They both had the process of trade between different continents and the Atlantic ocean