Chemistry
Dehydration/Condensation
What types of bonds and structure is found in primary levels?
Peptide bonds, chain of amino acids.
What chemical groups affect a molecules shape and/or function?
Provide at least 3 functional groups
Which ones would be found in amino acids.
What are Functional groups?
Amine-NH2
Thiol-SH
Hydroxyl -OH
Carboxyl- COOH
(Carboxyl and Amine groups are found in ALL amino acids).
Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions are?
What do they do to the activation energy levels?
What is a Catalyst?
Reduce activation energy.
What determines whether a fatty acid is unsaturated or saturated?
What are double bonds?
Which weak bond has the electronegative partners Nitrogen and Oxygen?
This is also found in many water molecules.
What is a Hydrogen Bond?
Name folding levels and bonds for ALL protein levels.
Primary-chain, peptide
Secondary-alpha helix, beta pleated sheet
Tertiary-Disulfide
Quatenary (2 or more tertiary).
How are dehydration and hydrolysis reactions different.
Dehydration removes water and forms polymer.
Hydrolysis breaks bonds and separates into monomers.
True or False: A single enzyme can be used only one time.
What is False
Each enzyme is highly specific but can be used indefinitely.
A Nucleotide is made up of?
Which bases would we find purines?
Which bases would we find uracil?
Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogen Base
Purines- A, G
Pyrimidines: C, U, T (Single-Ringed-"Cut" in half)
Uracil is found in RNA
Which of the following would result in a peptide bond?
A) linking two carbs together
B) Linking 2 amino acids together at a S-H/Cysteine bridge
C) Linking 2 amino acids together releasing a water molecule
D) Joining 2 nucleotides together releasing water.
C) Linking 2 amino acids together releasing a water molecule
What solutions are considered hydrophilic and dissolve in water?
A) Lipids (Long Hydrocarbons)
B) Hydroxyl groups (O-H)
C)Unsaturated Fats
D) Steroids
Hydroxyl (-OH groups)
Remaining groups are nonpolar.
True or False:
Cellulase could break down lactose or sucrose.
False: We should expect this to be specific for cellulose.
Follow Up Question: What are glycosidic linkages and where do Alpha/Beta linkages occur?
Miller's early atmosphere experiment revealed a gas mixture could synthesize organic compounds.
Which would not be used in this experiment?
A) Oxygen
B) Methane
C) Water
D) Ammonia
A) Oxygen- the world was anaerobic until cyanobacteria "showed up to the party".
What process did they conduct to produce oxygen?
The enzyme amylase breaks down carbs between glucose monomers (ONLY if monomers are in the form). Which could it break down?
A) pyrimidines and purines
B) starch, chitin, cellulose
C) Glycogen and cellulose
D) Glycogen, starch, amylopectin (found in plant cell walls)
D) Glycogen, starch, amylopectin (found in plant cell walls)
What type of bond would you expect to see in a molecule solid at room temperature?
All single bonds. Whereas unsaturated would have at least 1 double bond in the hydrocarbon tail.
What two regulation/inhibition block enzyme activity at the active sites?
Which is considered to be allosteric?
What is noncompetitive and competitive inhibitors?
Noncompetitive: Allosteric (does not change the active site but is similar to boiling a positive piece.)
Which of the following is found in ATP (Very similar to nucleotide structure)?
A) Guanine
B) Adipose
C) Adenine
D) Adenosine
Adenosine is correct. There are also 3 phosphate functional groups in this molecule.
How do they vary from the original molecule?
They are mirror images and can include L-Left and D-right configurations.
This is found in thalidomide (used to treat morning sickness) causing severe birth defects.
In Sickle Cell Anemia, a mutated hemoglobin results from one amino acid change.
Based on this evidence we can infer that the following levels are affected:
A) Quatenary
B) Primary
C) Tertiary
D) Primary and Quatenary
D) Primary and Quatenary
Based on bonding, we're not sure whether secondary/ tertiary are affected.
What products are released by hydrolysis for Lactose during an enzymatic reaction?
What is Glucose and Galactose?
Carbon forms ______ bonds because it
is _______ valent.
Each bond represents a shared pair of electrons.
4 bonds/tetravalent