Research Methods
Neisser and Harsh looked at memories 2.5 years after originally having people record them. What type of design is this?”
Prospective.
According to Atkinson & Schiffrin, how do we transfer information from STM to LTM?
Through rehearsal.
In Bartlett (1932), participants repeatedly recalled the Native American story War of the Ghosts. Their retellings became shorter and changed over time. What does this suggest about the reliability of memory?
Memory is reconstructive rather than an exact recording, so recall may change over time.
A cognitive bias where an individual depends too heavily on an initial piece of information offered when making decisions
Anchoring bias
Research carried out by McGaugh & Cahill found that which hormone may be responsible for creating emotional memories?
Adrenaline. When they used a beta-blocker, emotional arousal did not lead to the same level of recall of a set of slides.
What research method was used by Glanzer and Cunitz?
A true experiment.
What is one thing that schema theory can explain that Atkinson & Shiffrin’s model cannot?
Memory distortion
In Loftus & Palmer (1974), participants who heard different verbs when asked about a car accident gave different estimates of speed. What does this suggest about the reliability of eyewitness memory?
Memory may not be reliable, as recall can be influenced by the wording of questions.
A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind when making a decision
Availability heuristic
According to Kulkoffsky, what is one cultural difference in Flashbulb memories between individualistic and collectivistic cultures?
Collectivistic cultures remember the event, but not what they were actually doing at the time
Maguire compared the brains of taxi drivers and non-taxi drivers using which research method?
A quasi-experiment.
According to the Working Memory Model, what are the two principal stores for short-term memory?
The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad.
The term Loftus gives to when a person's recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information
Misinformation effect
When making decisions, the tendency to avoid costs and maximise rewards
Loss aversion
In Neisser & Harsch (1992), participants reported their memories of hearing about the Challenger explosion months after it happened. Their later accounts often differed from their original reports. What does this demonstrate about memory reliability?
Flashbulb memories can be vivid but inaccurate and inconsistent.
Sharot’s study had good control over extraneous variables. What type of validity is this?
Internal validity
What evidence is there that STM and LTM may be in different memory stores?
Biological research: HM; Serial Position Effect (Glanzer & Cunitz).
In Loftus & Pickrell (1995), how did researchers attempt to create a false childhood memory of being lost in a shopping mall?
Participants were given a booklet containing three true childhood events and one false event (being lost in a shopping mall). They were asked to recall the events over several interviews.
The phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables even when no such relationship exists
Illusory correlation.
What are the two factors that psychologists argue are necessary to create a flashbulb memory?
Surprise and personal relevance
This type of validity could be questioned in Loftus & Palmer because participants' answers may have reflected response bias rather than an actual change in memory.”
Construct validity
What phenomenon does Baddeley & Hitch’s Working Memory Model explain which neither schema theory nor Atkinson & Shiffrin’s model can?
Multi-tasking. Baddeley & Hitch’s model has different short-term memory stores.
In Yuille & Cutshall (1986), what real-life event did the researchers investigate to examine the accuracy of eyewitness memory?
A real-life shooting witnessed by several people. Between the owner of a shop and thief
Why is Englich & Mussweiler useful for demonstrating that cognitive biases can affect real-world decision-making?
It showed that anchoring could influence professional judges' sentencing decisions, suggesting cognitive biases can affect important real-world judgements.
In Buchanan & Lovallo (2001), why did researchers give some participants hydrocortisone before they learned a list of words?
To investigate whether stress hormones affect memory formation.