Carbohydrates
What is a diastereomer?
Isomers that are not mirror images; and differ at one or more chiral center but not all
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm of the cell
Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA in the presence of what?
Oxygen (O2)
What are the two major sites for Gluconeogenesis?
The liver (90% of gluconeogenesis in the body) and kidneys (10% of gluconeogenesis in the body)
What is the empirical formula for most carbohydrates?
Cm(H20)n
What are the two net products of glycolysis?
2 ATP and 2 GTP
Which steps in the citric acid cycle are non-spontaneous?
steps 2a and 8
What is the primary energy source for the brain?
Glucose
How many carbons does a heptose have?
7 (seven)
What is the rate limiting step of glycolysis?
Phosphorylation ( Hexokinase)
How many molecules of acetyl CoA are produced from a single molecule of glucose in the CAC?
2 molecules of acetyl CoA
What coenzymes inhibit gluconeogenesis?
Citrate and Acetyl CoA
What is a disaccharides and what kind of bond does it contain?
Two sugars joined by a glycosidic bond
Where is GLUT1 located and what does it do?
It is located in all mammalian tissues
What are the two most common types of reactions in the citric acid cycle?
Oxidation and dexcarboxylation
What are the non carbohydrate precursors when fasting an intense exercise occur?
Pyruvate, lactate, oxaloacetate, amino acids and glycerol
What is a disaccharides and what kind of bond does it contain?
Two sugars joined by a glycosidic bond
Which enzyme catalyzes the isomerization of Glucose 6-phosphate?
Phosphoglucose isomerase
What are the 8 substrates involved in the citric acid cycle?
Citrate, Isocitrate, a-ketoglutarate, Succinyl CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate
What is a vitamin cofactor required for pyruvate carboxylase?
Carboxybiotin