The Vikings
What are longships?
The Crusades began with the Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II in this year.
What is 1095?
The city of Mecca is considered holy in Islam because it is the birthplace of both the religion of Islam as well as this prophet.
Who is Muhammad?
This person is the head of the Catholic Church.
Who is the Pope?
These people were at the top of the feudalism "pyramid".
Who are kings and queens?
Vikings had trouble raiding European towns after they built these, because they didn't have any siege equipment.
What are walls?
The objective of the Crusades was for Christian armies to take back this holy city.
What is Jerusalem?
This invention from China allowed Islamic caliphates to produce books very cheaply.
What is paper?
Priests were one of the few types of people in Europe who attended universities, and therefore had this important skill.
What is literacy (or reading and writing)?
If you were a peasant in the Middle Ages, you were actually probably one of these if you couldn't move from the land you farmed.
What is a serf?
The Vikings eventually stopped raiding Europe and settled down, converting to this religion in the process.
What is Christianity (or Catholicism)?
At the end of the First Crusade, four of these were set up in the Middle East, with their own kings.
What are states?
Islamic universities, which focused on acquiring books and translating them into Arabic, were called these.
What are Houses of Wisdom?
The Catholic Church is highly responsible for the development of this artistic field, in part because they heavily supported artists with resources and funding, and used what they made in their church services.
What is music?
This is the term for any lord who owes fealty, or loyalty, to their liege lord above them in the feudal "pyramid."
Who is a vassal?
This country, although not a traditional Viking homeland, was probably impacted more than any other by Viking raids and settlement.
What is England?
What is a pilgrimage?
This was the Arabic name for the caliphate in modern-day Spain.
What is al-Andalus?
The other branch of Christianity during the Middle Ages, created during the East-West Schism, was headquartered in Constantinople and is called this.
What is Orthodox Christianity?
In exchange for their lands and for protection from foreign enemies, vassals would normally give these to their liege lords.
What are taxes?
In Norse mythology, these three figures - a father and two sons - are considered the most important Norse gods.
Who are Odin, Thor, and Loki?
The First Crusade began with a phase known as this, where ordinary people heeded Pope Urban II's call to go assist the Eastern Roman Empire.
What was the People's Crusade?
Muslims who are physically able to and who have the financial ability to travel are required to make a pilgrimage to Mecca at a given time of the year at least once in their life, which is known as this.
What is the Hajj?
The harshest punishment the Catholic Church would impose was this, which essentially removed a person from the church, meaning that they could not receive the sacraments and were therefore cut off from a relationship to God.
What is excommunication?
Kings were viewed as legitimate because they ruled by this concept: in essence, God selected them to rule on earth.
What is divine right?