Definition of Human Rights
Entitlements belonging to all human beings
Define slavery
A type of forced labour in which a person is considered to be the legal property of another person
Define Labour rights as they were prior to the Industrial Revolution
Very few legal protections for workers. Most favoured the employer and designed to compet labourers into work
Define Univeral Education
The idea that all human beings have a right to an education
What is Universal Suffrage?
The ability of all human beings to vote and be involved in political decisions
Define Self-Determination
The concept that groups of people with shared ethnicity, language, geography, history or other common characteristics should be able to determine their political future.
Define Environmental Rights
The right to live in a healthy environment, which is essential to access other individual rights
Define Peace Rights
To maintain internation peace and security for all humans
Identify THREE forms of Human Rights
Civil and Political (individual)
Economic, social and cultural (individual)
Collective rights such as self-determination
Name ONE ancient civilisations where slavery existed?
One of the following: Egypt, Greece, Rome
How did the Industrial Revolution act as a catalyst for the reform of labour laws?
It redefined society as more labourers moved to cities to work in factories bring reform to labour laws with evolving rights for workers (better pay and conditions)
In early civilisations, which people were entitled to education?
Those associated with wealth and power.
Historically, who was able to vote and be a part of democratic decision making?
It was restricted to status, gender, race and age, predominently wealthy land-owning males
What can hinder self-determination?
State Sovereignty - this is evident with many indigenous people around the world seeking to govern themselves
What international instruments recognise environmental rights?
There is none. Neither UDHR, ICCPR or ICESCR recognise environmental rights, but supporters say this is essential to access all other individual rights.
Outline the Declaration on the Right of Peoples to Peace (1984)
This is a non-binding international instrument (soft law), however it is proclaimed that all 'peoples of our planet have a sacred right to peace'
Four characteristics of Human Rights are?
Universal (enjoyed by all regardless of race, nationality, gender, status)
Indivisible (all human beings are equally important)
Inherent (the birthright of all humans)
Inalienable (cannot be given up or have them taken away)
What was the Transatlantic slave trade
Over 12 million people taken from West Africa to the Americas to provide a workforce on plantations (sugar, tobacco, cotton, sugar)
Identify TWO reasons for the emergence of the first Trade Unions (with a focus on the United Kingdom)
Two of the following
Appalling conditions such as lack of safety
low wages
long working hours.
What does Article 26 of the UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) say about education?
Primary education should be a priority, free, compulsory and made widely available to all.
In what country were the first women able to participate in democratic elections (vote)?
New Zealand was the first country to give women the right to vote in 1893
How does Article 15 of the UDHR strengthen the principle of self-determination?
It states that everyone has the right to a nationality and and that no-one shall be arbitrarily deprived of this nationality nor denied the right to change nationality
What does the Stockholm declaration (1972) say?
Signatory countries to the declaration insist that a healthy environment is essential to the enjoyment of the right life
How does the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (2017) impact on Peace Rights?
This treaty is binding on signatory states, which focuses on the need to completely eliminate nuclear weapons due to the 'catastrophic humanitarian consequences that would result from any use of them'. Many countries have ratified this treaty, however many have not. This includes Australia, USA and China. 9 countries have nuclear weapons including Russia, USA, China, France, UK, India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea
What is ONE international instrument that recognises the indivisibility and universality of Human Rights?
Either
Charter of the United Nations (1945)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
What international instrument (convention) was developed in 1926 to abolish slavery worldwide
Slavery Convention (1926)
The International Labour organisation was formed in 1919. What were the main aims of this organisation?
Two of the following
Promote rights at work
Encourage decent employment opportunities
Enhance social protection and strengthen dialogue on work-relatd issues
How does Article 13 of the ICESCR (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) (1966) differ from the UDHR on education?
It is hard international law that binds states that become signatories to uphold this article. The UDHR is soft law and non-binding
Which Article of the UDHR gives the right to vote?
Article 21 recognises the right to vote as a universal human right
What does the ICESCR (1966) Article 1 state about self-determination?
This is hard international law that binds signatory states to uphold this article. It states that all people have the rights of self-determination and by virtue of that right can freely determine their political status and freely pursue economic, social and cultural development
What does the Paris Agreement (2015) say about the environment?
The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It is a landmark international instrument that for the first time, brings all nations together to combat climate change and adapt to its effects
The UN Human Rights Council issued a general comment on the ICCPR (1966) about the Nuclear Threat. What was this?
It states that any use or threat of use of nuclear weapons would be a violation of Article 6, which state that 'every human has the inherent right to life'. This aligns to the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
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Identify TWO forms of Modern Day slavery, which enslaves over 40 million people currently
Two from below
Forced labour (domestics, construction, agriculture)
Sexual exploitation
Forced marriage
Forced labour imposed by State Authorities
Debt bondage
Labour Rights are enshrined in Articles 23 and 24 of which international instrument?
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
There are still over 130 million girls worldwide who are banned from education. Identy one country where this is still happening.
Afghanistan - The Taliban stopped girl's education because it didn't comply with the interpretation of islamic law.
What does the ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) (1966) Article 25 give the right to?
Right to vote, equal suffrage and held by secret ballot
List ONE country who has gained independence and entry into the UN, demonstrating self-determination
ONE of the following
East Timor became independent from Indonesia in 2002
Montenegro declared independence from Serbia in 2006
South Sudan, the world's newest country came into being in 2011
How does state sovereignty impact on environmental rights?
Not all states comply with this as it may disadvantage national interests in the short-term. Ideally, to achieve global environmental rights, all states need to commit to measures to benefit the global community such as keep warming below 1.5 degrees celsius.
The world is far from peace. List TWO situations in the world currently that are in conflict and threaten world stability
TWO of the following
Ukraine/Russia
Israel/Palestine/Hamas
South China Sea
USA/Iran