State Your Function
PV = nRT. This equation of state relates the macroscopic variables of an ideal gas, where R = 8.31 J/(mol·K).
What is the ideal gas law?
W = −PΔV. The type of work done when a gas expands against a piston at constant pressure.
What is expansion work?
No heat engine operating in a cycle can absorb energy from a reservoir and convert it entirely into this, according to the Kelvin-Planck statement.
What is work?
Q = mcΔT. This tells how much energy is needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1°C.
What is specific heat?
The average translational kinetic energy of ideal gas molecules depends only on this single variable.
What is temperature?
ΔU = Q + W. This law states that the change in internal energy equals the heat added plus the work done on the system.
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
On a PV diagram, the magnitude of work done on a gas during any process equals this particular value.
What is the area under the curve?
Weng = QH - QC. In a cyclic process, ∆U = 0, so the new work done by a heat engine equals the energy absorbed from the hot reservoir minus the energy expelled to this.
What is the cold reservoir?
During a phase change (e.g., melting), a substance absorbs energy Q = mL at constant temperature. The constant L is called this.
What is latent heat?
If you double the average molecular speed at constant volume, pressure changes by this factor.
What is 4?
For a monatomic ideal gas, U = (3/2)nRT. Internal energy depends only on temperature, making it this type of quantity.
What is a state function?
In this type of process, no work is done and the first law reduces to ΔU = Q.
What is an isovolumetric (constant-volume) process?
This sets the upper limit on efficiency for all real engines.
What is a Carnot engine?
If objects A and B are each in thermal equilibrium with a thermometer C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This is a statement of this law.
What is the zeroth law of thermodynamics?
This constant, which links the average molecular kinetic energy to absolute temperature, is named after this Austrian physicist.
Who is Boltzmann?
Cp = Cv + R. For any ideal gas, the molar specific heat at constant pressure exceeds the molar specific heat at constant volume by exactly this universal constant.
What is R (the universal gas constant)?
For an ideal gas expanding isothermally, Wenv = nRT ln(VF/VI). During such a process, ΔU equals this value.
What is zero?
ΔS = Qr/T. This state variable always increases for the universe in any natural process.
What is entropy?
ΔL = (alpha)LoΔT. When a solid is heated, its length increases proportionally, where alpha is called this coefficient.
What is the coefficient of linear expansion?
This is a derivation from P = 2/3 (N/V)(1/2mv2) that proves fundamental macroscopic law.
What is the ideal gas law?
Each degree of freedom contributes 1/2R to Cv. A diatomic gas at normal temperatures has 5 degrees of freedom (3 translational + 2 rotational), giving Cp this value.
What is (7/2)R?
In an adiabatic process, PVY is constant. The exponent Y = Cp/Cv equals 5/3 for this category of ideal gas.
What is a monatomic gas?
A steam engine has a boiler at 500 K and exhausts to the atmosphere at 300 K. Using eC = 1 − TC / TH, the maximum possible efficiency is this value.
What is 40%?
Water's specific heat is 4.186 kJ/(kg·°C). In calorimetry, Qcold = −Qhot assumes no energy enters or leaves, relying on this fundamental principle.
What is conservation of energy?
A balloon contains helium (M = 4.00 g/mol) at 300 K. A second identical balloon contains argon (M = 40.0 g/mol) at 3000 K. The ratio of helium's rms speed to argon's rms speed is this.
What is 1?