Royal Family
The young pharaoh was the son of which male member of the Amarna royal family whose identity was established through DNA analysis of royal mummies.
Who was Akhenaten?
The preservation of this was considered essential for the deceased to continue existence in the afterlife.
What is the body?
These small funerary figures were intended to perform work on behalf of the deceased in the afterlife.
What are ushabtis?
This document records Tutankhamun's restoration of traditional Egyptian religious practices.
What is the Restoration Stele?
He directed the excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb after its discovery in 1922.
Who was Howard Carter?
This mummy, discovered in KV35, provided important genetic evidence for identifying Tutankhamun's mother.
Who was the Younger Lady?
This mineral was used during mummification to dry out and preserve the body.
What is natron?
Food, furniture, clothing and other objects were placed in Tutankhamun's tomb because Egyptians believed the deceased would require these things.
What are grave goods?
These letters provide evidence of diplomatic relationships between Egypt and other states during the Amarna Period.
What are the Amarna Letters?
This photographer created the extensive photographic record of the excavation of KV62.
Who was Harry Burton?
DNA and other scientific evidence demonstrated that Tutankhamun's parents were closely related. This type of marriage was common within the Egyptian royal family.
What is royal sibling marriage?
This ceremony, depicted in Tutankhamun's tomb, was intended to restore the deceased's ability to eat, drink, breathe and speak in the afterlife.
What is the Opening of the Mouth ceremony?
The large number and variety of objects found in KV62 provide evidence about this aspect of Egyptian society.
What are Egyptian cultural practices and beliefs?
This archive provides evidence concerning the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I and the Egyptian succession crisis following the death of an Egyptian king.
What is the Hittite Archive at Bogazkoy/Hattusa?
This modern researcher has investigated the possibility that Tutankhamun's tomb may have been connected to a larger burial complex and has proposed interpretations concerning its decoration.
Who is Nicholas Reeves?
These ancient records provide lists of Egyptian rulers and can be used to establish the sequence of kings, although they contain omissions and inconsistencies.
What are the King Lists?
Tutankhamun's burial chamber contains scenes showing the deceased king interacting with gods and progressing towards the afterlife. What do these scenes demonstrate about Egyptian beliefs?
What is the belief that the deceased king would continue to exist in the afterlife and required divine protection and assistance?
The Golden Throne depicts Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun in an intimate domestic scene. What can this reveal about royal representation and cultural practices?
What is the importance of the royal couple and the representation of family/domestic relationships in royal art?
The Restoration Stele is particularly useful for understanding this major change between the Amarna Period and Tutankhamun's reign.
What is the restoration of traditional Egyptian religion?
DNA analysis, CT scanning and radiological examination are examples of this broad category of approaches that have transformed the study of the Amarna royal family.
What are new scientific methodologies?
Name two types of evidence that have contributed to historians' understanding of Tutankhamun's royal lineage.
What are human remains/DNA evidence and written records such as the King Lists?
Explain how mummification and tomb decoration reveal different aspects of Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife.
What are physical preservation and religious preparation?
Accept explanations linking mummification to preservation of the body and tomb decoration to divine protection, rituals and successful transition to the afterlife.
Give three different categories of information that historians can obtain from the grave goods in Tutankhamun's tomb.
What are beliefs, cultural practices and material culture?
Accept: technology, craftsmanship, warfare, clothing, religion, royal status, daily life, trade/resources, artistic conventions, funerary practices.
Why must historians consider the reliability of the Restoration Stele rather than simply accepting its claims as fact?
What is because it is a royal inscription presenting Tutankhamun's reign positively and may exaggerate the extent of previous religious neglect or destruction?
Explain why the use of modern scientific methodologies has changed historians' understanding of Tutankhamun and his family.
What is because scientific techniques such as DNA analysis and CT scanning can provide new evidence about relationships, identity, health and physical remains that cannot always be established from traditional historical or archaeological evidence alone?