Different Funds
Available School Fund (ASF)
Compromise
Political power is held by a small group of people who dominated politics by controlling economic resources
Elite Theory (Elitism)
Every citizen of a political subdivision such as a state or country, votes to select a public official
At-Large Election System
allows local voters to participate directly through initiative, referendum, and recall
Home rule
Funds primary and secondary schools
Permanent School Fund (PSF)
40& 30% 30% -> Compromise
Bachrach & Barantz
Before the mid-1970s, politics of the big cities in Tx fit the model of elite theory
Big-City Politics
allows voters to cast all their votes for a single candidate
Cumulative Election System
The promotion of individual welfare through government policies is controversial because it requires the government to choose between freedom and equality
Social Welfare
Supports the construction, maintenance, and policing of roadways and acquires rights of way
Highway Fund
“street-level Bureaucrats”
Lipsky
Diverse groups of elites with differing interests compete with one another to control policy in various issue areas
Pluralist theory (Pluralism)
Enhance the economic position of a community in its competition with other communities
Developmental Policies
“ By Law” -> easier to change than De Facto
De Jure
Supports most institutions of the University of Texas and Texas A&M University Systems
Permanent University Fund(PUF)
3 streams running parallel to one another; Something happens that makes streams run together
John Kingdon
Texas can use property tax to pay for schools
San Antonio vs. Rodriguez
Programs that are more or less neutral in their impact on the local economy
Allocational Policies
The utility district gives the city permission to collect sales taxes at retail businesses within the district but not property taxes
Strategic Partnership Agreements (SPAs)- Limited-purpose annexation
Supports universities that don’t have access to PUF monies
Higher Education Fund(HEF)
Who created Urban Policies?
Paul E. Peterson
State-imposed segregation in schools violated the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Benefit low-income residents of an area
Redistributive Policies
Laws enacted by the governing body of municipality to regulate such matters as building construction, land use practice, and driving habits
City Ordinance