Water and Macromolecules
What type of bond holds the hydrogen and oxygen atoms together within a single water molecule?
Polar Covalent
What are the four major biological macromolecules?
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
What structure is responsible for making proteins?
Ribosomes
What is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane called?
Osmosis
Why is water considered a polar molecule?
Oxygen has a stronger attraction for electrons than hydrogen, creating partial negative and partial positive charges within the molecule.
What macromolecule is primarily composed of monosaccharide monomers?
Carbohydrates
What organelle is associated with cellular respiration and ATP production?
Mitochondria
In which direction does water move during osmosis?
Water moves from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration, or toward the area with the higher solute concentration.
What type of bond forms between neighboring water molecules?
Hydrogen Bonds
What is the name of the process that breaks down macromolecules?
Hydrolysis
What organelle carries out photosynthesis in plant cells?
Chloroplast
A cell is placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than the inside of the cell. What type of solution is this, and what will happen to the cell?
It is hypertonic. Water will leave the cell, causing the cell to shrink.
What two properties of water result from attractions between water molecules and/or other substances?
Cohesion and adhesion
What is the major difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?
Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.
What organelle contains the cell's DNA and helps control cellular activities?
Nucleus
Which type of cell transport requires energy from ATP: passive transport or active transport?
Active transport
A biological molecule is made of amino acid monomers and plays important roles in structure, transport, and cellular processes. What type of macromolecule is it?
Protein
This organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for transport within or outside of the cell.
Golgi apparatus
A cell needs to digest damaged cell components and cellular waste. Which organelle is primarily responsible for this function?
Lysosomes
Which type of cell would have the best surface area to volume ratio, and have the fastest rate of diffusion?
a. 1 cm x 1 cm x1 cm cell
b. 2 cm x 2cm x 2 cm cell
c. 4 cm x 1 cm x 2 cm cell
a. 1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm
It has the best surface area to volume ratio so it allows for the fastest rate of diffusion.