Topic 0.2: Scientific Inquiry
This variable is deliberately manipulated by a researcher during an experiment.
What is the independent variable?
Because oxygen attracts shared electrons more strongly than hydrogen, a water molecule has regions of partial positive and partial negative charge and is described by this term.
What is polar?
This element forms the backbone of organic molecules.
What is carbon?
This term describes a small molecular building block that can be joined with others to make a larger molecule.
What is a monomer?
These molecules are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates.
What are monosaccharides?
Because most lipids are nonpolar, they have this relationship with water.
What is hydrophobic?
These are the building blocks of DNA and RNA.
What are nucleotides?
These are the monomers from which proteins are constructed.
What are amino acids?
This group does not receive the independent variable and provides a baseline for comparison.
What is the negative control group?
This weak attraction forms between the partially positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the partially negative oxygen of another.
What is a hydrogen bond?
This type of chemical bond forms when atoms share electrons.
What is a covalent bond?
This reaction joins smaller molecules into larger molecules while releasing water.
What is dehydration synthesis?
This polysaccharide stores glucose in animals.
What is glycogen?
These lipids contain a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region and are major components of cell membranes.
What are phospholipids?
Every nucleotide contains a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and this third component.
What is a phosphate group?
This part of an amino acid varies among the 20 amino acids and determines many of their chemical properties.
What is the R group/side chain?
Researchers obtain a p-value of 0.02 when comparing an experimental group with a control group. Based on the 0.05 threshold, this hypothesis should be rejected.
What is the null hypothesis?
Water molecules sticking to one another through hydrogen bonding demonstrate this property, which contributes to water movement through plants.
What is cohesion?
Carbon can form up to this many covalent bonds, allowing it to produce diverse biological molecules.
What is four?
This reaction uses water to break covalent bonds in a larger biological molecule.
What is hydrolysis?
Starch and cellulose are both composed of glucose monomers, yet starch stores energy while cellulose provides structural support. This explains their different functions.
What is their different molecular structure/arrangement of glucose molecules?
A fatty acid containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds belongs to this category.
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
These covalent bonds connect nucleotides along the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA.
What are phosphodiester bonds?
This level of protein structure is simply the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
What is primary structure?
A student tests whether increasing fertilizer concentration affects plant growth. All plants receive the same amount of light, water, soil, and growing time. These conditions are maintained to ensure that changes in growth can be attributed to fertilizer concentration.
What are constants/controlled variables?
Lakes generally experience smaller and slower temperature changes than the surrounding air because hydrogen bonds cause water to have this property.
What is high specific heat?
Two molecules contain the same types and numbers of atoms but have different arrangements of those atoms. These molecules are described by this term.
What are isomers?
This general process describes the formation of a polymer from smaller monomers; dehydration synthesis is one way this process can occur.
What is polymerization?
A plant cell stores excess glucose in this polysaccharide but incorporates glucose into this different polysaccharide to strengthen its cell wall.
What are starch and cellulose?
Fatty acids with no carbon-carbon double bonds have straight hydrocarbon chains and are described by this term.
What are saturated fatty acids?
The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions, with one oriented 5′→3′ and the other 3′→5′. This structural arrangement is described by this term.
What is antiparallel?
Interactions among the R groups of amino acids cause a single polypeptide chain to fold into this level of protein structure.
What is tertiary structure?
In an experiment testing a new treatment, researchers include this group that receives a treatment already known to produce the expected effect.
What is a positive control?
During sweating, the water molecules with enough energy to escape the skin absorb energy to break hydrogen bonds. Their departure lowers the average kinetic energy of the remaining water molecules, producing this biological effect.
What is evaporative cooling?
A carbon-containing molecule gains a different functional group, altering its interactions with other molecules. This central AP Biology principle explains why the molecule may now perform a different biological role.
What is structure determines function?
During digestion, these biological molecules speed up hydrolysis reactions that break large macromolecules into smaller subunits.
What are enzymes?
A mutation changes an enzyme so that it can no longer hydrolyze the bonds in starch. Based on the structure of starch, the enzyme would be unable to efficiently release these building blocks.
What are glucose/monosaccharides?
Found between phospholipids in animal cell membranes, this steroid helps maintain membrane stability and fluidity.
What is cholesterol?
n a double-stranded DNA molecule, 30% of the nucleotides are adenine. This percentage of the nucleotides will be cytosine.
What is 20%?
Hydrogen bonds along the polypeptide backbone create alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets, which make up this level of protein structure.
What is secondary structure?