Cell Physiology
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
What is the driving force for passive transport? Which way do particles move?
The concentration gradient. Particles will always move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration in passive transport.
Molecules move from an area of __________ to an area of _________ during active transport.
Low concentration to high concentration
How does creatine regenerate ATP so quickly?
Creatine phosphate donates a phosphate group to ADP and BAM, ATP is made.
What cell in the pancreas secretes insulin? What about glucagon?
Beta cells- insulin
Alpha cells- glucagon
What does the term amphipathic mean and what molecule have we talked about that is amphipathic?
Contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends. Phospholipids.
What are two types of passive transport and what is different between them?
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. Facilitated diffusion requires a transport protein (channel/carrier).
What two types of energy are used to move molecules across the membrane during active transport?
Energy from ATP or the movement of an ion (Na+)
The 3 products of ATP breakdown are:
ADP, Pi, and Energy
List 3 hormones of the thyroid gland and their functions
Thyroxine- increase BP, HR, and metabolism
T3- same as Thyroxine
Calcitonin- controls blood calcium
What occurs during transcription and where does it occur?
DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus.
What causes a carrier protein to change shape and move molecules in or out of the cell?
Random conformational changes
What type of protein is required for active transport?
What type of protein is required for active transport?
ATP in the electron transport chain is made by this reaction
ADP + energy + H + O2 + Pi
List 3 hormones of the adrenal glands and their function
Cortisol- released during the stress response
Aldosterone- increased sodium retention
Catecholamines- increase metabolism, HR, and BP
Contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends. Phospholipids.
Lipid synthesis, calcium storage, and enzyme storage.
What type of energy is required for passive transport?
No energy is required for passive transport.
In secondary active transport, energy is captured from what to move a molecule?
Energy is captured from the diffusion of a charged molecule to move a second molecule.
How many moles of oxygen are used during glycolysis to make ATP?
NONE bro
What would be the effects of hypothyroidism? What about hyper?
Hypo- increased body weight, lower body temp, normal heart rate
Hyper- inability to gain weight, higher body temp, elevated HR and BP
Where does protein synthesis aka translation take place? What else is required for translation?
Takes place at the ribosome in the cytosol. ATP, mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids are required. Technically can also say water is required, so hydrate to build muscles!
No energy is required for passive transport.
H2O, O2, and CO2!
What is the name of the membrane transport protein that moves Na+ and glucose into the cell and is the target protein for many sport beverages?
SGLT2- Sodium Glucose Linked Transporter 2
What is the universal intermediate for metabolism? What specific processes do our macromolecules go through to be converted to this universal intermediate? Which process gives us ATP directly?
ACoA,
Glycolysis, lipolysis, and proteolysis
Glycolysis is special and gives us ATP
The constant release of which hormone induced a goiter in our rat experiment? Where is it released from?
TSH from the pituitary gland