Indigenous Societies & Contact
The Columbian Exchange refers to the movement of plants, animals, and diseases between these two hemispheres.
What are the Eastern and Western Hemispheres (or Old World and New World)?
The conflict between British mercantilist policies and colonial desires for free trade helped create tensions that eventually led to this major event in American history.
What is the American Revolution?
Issued after the French and Indian War, this British policy prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.
What is the Proclamation of 1763?
Under the Articles of Confederation, most political power was given to these governments rather than the federal government.
What are the states?
The primary economic factor and cash crop that saved the Jamestown colony.
What is tobacco (and adopting a plantation economy)?
The primary reason many Native American societies were successful prior to European contact.
What is building adaptable communities and governing systems that reflected a deep understanding of their local environments?
European powers used this economic system, which emphasized colonies supplying raw materials and serving the needs of the mother country.
What is Mercantilism?
Britain claimed it needed to tax the colonies because of the large amount of this created by the French and Indian War.
What is war debt?
One major weakness of the Articles was that Congress lacked the power to collect this directly from citizens.
What are taxes?
Because of its rocky soil, cold climate, and short growing season, this colonial region focused its economy on shipbuilding, fishing, whaling, and merchant trade rather than large-scale farming.
What are the New England Colonies?
The immediate, devastating impact of the Columbian Exchange on Indigenous populations.
What is widespread population decline due to Old World diseases like smallpox?
These British laws required many colonial goods to be shipped on British ships and often through British ports before being sold elsewhere.
What are the Navigation Acts
Colonists argued that Parliament had no right to tax them because they lacked this in the British government.
What is representation?
This term describes the difficult period following the American Revolution when the United States struggled to govern itself effectively.
What is the Critical Period?
This colonial region depended heavily on enslaved labor and exports of cash crops.
What are the Southern Colonies?
The main driver behind Southern landowners' growing dependency on enslaved labor.
What is the desire to expand markets and maximize economic wealth from cash crops?
In the Triangular Trade system, manufactured goods often traveled from Europe to Africa, enslaved people from Africa to the Americas, and these products back to Europe.
What are raw materials or cash crops (such as sugar, tobacco, molasses, or cotton)?
According to the Declaration of Independence, these rights belong to all people and cannot be taken away by a government.
What are unalienable rights?
The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, combined with this rebellion in Massachusetts, persuaded many Americans that the national government needed more power.
What is Shays' Rebellion?
Seeking freedom to practice their religion without interference from the Church of England, the Pilgrims settled in this colonial region, making it a safe haven for their beliefs.
What are the New England Colonies?
This term describes the brutal voyage in which enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.
What is the Middle Passage?
Colonists often favored this economic idea because it emphasized fewer government restrictions and greater freedom to buy and sell goods.
What is Free Market Capitalism?
This treaty ended the American Revolution and established new territorial boundaries for the United States.
What is the Treaty of Paris
One goal of the Constitutional Convention was to balance power between these two levels of government.
What are the state and federal governments?
The warm climate, rich soil, and long growing season in the South gave rise to a crop-based economy centered on these massive agricultural estates.
What are plantations?
The primary reason European colonists participated in the slave trade was to obtain this for plantations in the Americas.
What is a cheap labor force (slaves)?
This colonial group organized protests, intimidated tax collectors, and opposed British taxes such as the Stamp Act.
Who are the Sons of Liberty?
British leaders believed colonists should help pay for the defense of the empire after the French and Indian War, while colonists believed only their elected assemblies had the right to approve this.
What are taxes?
This compromise counted enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation purposes.
What is the Three-Fifths Compromise?
Although the New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies had different economies and cultures, representatives from all three regions met in this organization to coordinate a response to British policies.
What is the Continental Congress?