A & P Basics
Blood clotting is an example of a _______, while adjusting temperature is an example of a ________.
Positive feedback loop, negative feedback loop
An atom loses two electrons. Does it become a cation or anion, and why?
Cation, because it lost the negatively charged electrons, giving it a positive charge
The _____ makes a protein, while the ______ modifies, sorts, and packages the protein for transport.
Ribosome, golgi apparatus
A _______ solution will cause a blood cell to shrink, a ______ solution will cause a blood cell to swell, and a ______ will allow a blood cell to retain its normal size.
Hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of ____ water concentration and _____ solute concentration to an area of _____ water concentration and ______ solute concentration.
Higher, lower, lower, higher
The sharp shape of an incisor represents its _____, while its ability to bite food represents its ________.
Anatomy/structure, physiology/function
According to the octet rule, why are atoms usually more stable when their outermost electron shell is full?
A full valence shell means that the atom isn’t trying to gain or lose electrons, making it chemically unreactive
What are the four major classes of biological macromolecules, and what are the monomers (building blocks) of each?
Proteins: amino acids, carbohydrates: monosaccharides, nucleic acids: nucleotides, lipids: (no monomers because lipids are not true polymers, but lipids are mainly built from fatty acids and glycerol)
What does the plasma membrane do and why is it important?
It surrounds the cell, protecting the interior contents from the outside. Important because it controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are allowed to pass through the cell membrane with simple diffusion, Na+ and glucose have to pass with facilitated diffusion. Why?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are small and nonpolar, so they can pass without help. Na+ is charged and glucose is very large and polar, so they need help to pass.
A wound is located on the anterior surface of the forearm, and it is closer to the elbow than the wrist. Using directional terms, describe the location of the wound relative to the wrist.
The wound is proximal to the wrist.
Blood must remain within a very specific pH range for cells to function properly. What type of substance helps blood resist sudden drops or rises in pH?
A buffer
In diffusion, a drop of food coloring spreads faster in warm water than it does in cold water. Why?
Higher temperature increases the rate of diffusion by increasing particle movement
Cell junctions: A ______ is a junction in the digestive system that prevents fluids from moving between cells. A _____ is a junction that allows tissues to experience high mechanical stress on the skin. A ______ is a junction that allows electrical signals to be passed between cardiac muscle cells.
Tight junction, desmosome, gap junction
This step of cellular respiration happens in the mitochondrial matrix and it produces 2 ATP. What step is it named?
Krebs Cycle
Jimmy eats a carbohydrate-rich meal, and the excess glucose is converted into a storage form that can later be broken down to provide glucose when needed. What storage form molecule is being described, and where is it stored?
Glycogen, stored primarily in liver and skeletal muscles
______ is when two or more substances combine to form a product. ______ is when a compound breaks down into two or more substances. _______ is when one substance takes the place of another inside of a compound. (hint: chemical reactions)
Synthesis, decomposition, displacement
What are the differences between DNA and RNA, regarding function and their bases? What bases do they have in common?
DNA stores genetic information and has thymine, while RNA converts it into instructions to make protein and has uracil. Adenine, guanine, and cytosine are found in both.
During this phase of mitosis, chromosomes are aligned along the middle of the cell, with spindle fibers attached to them. What phase is this, and what phase happens after it?
Metaphase, anaphase after
Where and what happens in glycolysis, and how much net ATP is produced?
In the cytoplasm; 1 molecule of glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules for a net ATP gain of 2
Multiple different polypeptide chains come together to form one functional protein. Which level of protein structure is this, and how is it different from a tertiary structure?
Quaternary structure; it is different from tertiary structures because it involves multiple polypeptide chains while tertiary structures only contain one polypeptide chain
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the body? What do they bind with?
They lower the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur by binding to substrates at their active site
A _____ is a mixture where a solute is completely dissolved in a solvent, a ______ is a cloudy mixture where tiny particles are evenly dispersed, and a ______ is a mixture where are particles are not dissolved and remain suspended
Solution, colloid, suspension
The two major parts of the cell cycle are ____, where the cell grows and carries on its usual activities, and ______, where the cell divides into two cells
Interphase, mitotic phase
What is the difference between phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor mediated endocytosis?
In phagocytosis (cell eating), the cell engulfs large particles or other cells. In pinocytosis, the cell takes in extracellular fluid. In receptor mediated endocytosis, receptor proteins are used to capture specific molecules.