Characteristics of Living Things
All living things are made of these basic units.
Cells
This structure controls what enters and leaves the cell.
cell membrane
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy.
passive transport
The genetic material type(s) inside of all living things (+100 if you know the full names)
DNA and RNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Ribonucleic Acid
Viruses reproduce by hijacking this.
host cell
The ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
Homeostasis
This gel-like substance holds all organelles in place.
cytoplasm
Water moves across a membrane by this process.
osmosis
define solute, solvent, and solution
solute - solid, thing disappearing, ex. salt, sugar
solvent - what is doing the dissolving, ex. water
solution - mix of solute and solvent
What are the two main components of the cell membrane?
phospholipids (in a bilayer!!) and proteins (channels)
The process by which organisms create offspring.
Reproduction
This organelle stores water, nutrients, and waste; it is much larger in plant cells.
vacuole (in plants, central vacuole)
Transport that requires energy to move materials against a gradient.
active transport
Mouth cells naturally have 0.8% solute inside of them. After eating salty chips, the saliva has a 5% solute concentration.
What is the tonicity of the solution? Which way does water move? What happens to the cell?
The solution (saliva) is hypertonic in relation to natural mouth cells. Water is going to move out of the cells, causing them to shrink and become dehydrated.
This is why you are thirsty after eating salty snacks!
Describe similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organsims.
Similarities - living organisms, made of cell(s), have cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA
Differences - PRO means NO nucleus/membrane-bound organelles. ALL unicellular. Much simpler/smaller in size.
EU means DOes have a "true" nucleus/membrane-bound organelles. MOST multicellular. Much more complex/larger in size.
Another way to state "reactions to environment"
response to stimuli
This structure provides support and protection in plant cells and bacterial cells.
cell wall
Proteins help move molecules across the membrane in this type of passive transport.
facilitated diffusion
A saltwater fish has a solute concentration of 3.5% inside its cells. It is placed into a freshwater tank with a solute concentration of 0.5%.
What is the tonicity of the solution? Which way does water move? What happens to the cell?
The solution is hypotonic. The water moves into the fish, so it will cause the fish (cell) to swell.
What is the cell membrane made up of? Which part is hydrophobic and which part is hydrophilic?
phospholipids
hydrophobic - fatty acid tails
hydrophilic - phosphate head
The use of energy to build or break down materials.
Metabolism
site of protein synthesis
ribosome
The cell engulfs large particles or liquids by folding in the membrane.
endocytosis
name FOUR structures that helps cells maintain their shape (not all four have to be present in the same cell)
cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoskeleton
A hospital gives a patient an IV with 0.9% saline. The solution inside of the patient's cells is 0.9% salt.
What is the tonicity of the solution? Which way does water move? What happens to the cell?
The solution is isotonic because the solute amounts are the same on both sides of the cell membrane. Water will move in and out of the cells EQUALLY. This causes the cell to remain the same size.