People
explorer who reached the Americas in 1492 while sailing for Spain
Christopher Columbus
first ten amendments protecting individual freedoms.
Bill of Rights
incident where British soldiers killed five colonists in 1770.
Boston Massacre
pride and loyalty toward one’s nation.
nationalism
English settlers who came to America for religious freedom and founded Plymouth Colony
Pilgrims
Commander of the Continental Army and first U.S. president.
George Washington
U.S. purchase of French territory that doubled the nation’s size.
Louisiana Purchase
colonial protest in which tea was dumped into Boston Harbor.
Boston Tea Party
loyalty to one’s region rather than the entire nation.
sectionalism
first permanent English colony in North America, founded in 1607
Jamestown
main author of the Declaration of Independence and third U.S. president.
Thomas Jefferson
British law taxing sugar and molasses in the colonies.
Sugar Act
American colonists who supported independence from Britain.
Patriots
religious revival that encouraged emotional worship and individual faith.
Great Awakening
secret network helping slaves escape to freedom
Underground Railroad
president who led the Union during the Civil War
Abraham Lincoln
British law requiring colonists to pay taxes on printed materials.
Stamp Act
American colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the Revolution.
Loyalists
movement emphasizing reason, science, and natural rights.
Enlightenment
trade system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
triangular trade
commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia
Robert E. Lee
supporters of the U.S. Constitution and a stronger federal government.
Federalists
war fought from 1861–1865 between the Union and the Confederacy
Civil War
Christian revival that inspired social reform efforts in the 1830s-1850s
Second Great Awakening
country formed by the seceded Southern states
Confederate States of America
leading Union general who later became president
Ulysses S. Grant
Opponents of the Constitution who feared a strong national government.
Antifederalists
a major Union victory considered the turning point of the Civil War
Battle of Gettysburg
movement to end slavery
abolition
when goods began being made in factories rather than the home
Market Revolution
Federalist leader who created the national financial system.
Alexander Hamilton
first constitution of the United States with a weak central government.
Articles of Confederation
period of restructuring the South after the Civil War
Reconstruction
belief that the United States should expand across North America
manifest destiny
amendment prohibiting denial of voting rights based on race
Fifteenth Amendment
hero of the Battle of New Orleans, president known for expanding democracy
Andrew Jackson
pamphlet encouraging American independence from Britain.
Common Sense
war from 1946-1948 that resulted in large U.S. territorial gains in the Southwest
Mexican War
Lincoln’s order declaring slaves in Confederate territory free
Emancipation Proclamation
amendment granting citizenship and equal protection under the law
Fourteenth Amendment
philosopher who argued people have natural rights.
John Locke
policy warning European nations that the Americas is the U.S.’ sphere of influence
Monroe Doctrine
war between the U.S. and Britain that secured U.S. independence
War of 1812
amendment that ended slavery in the United States
Thirteenth Amendment
Supreme Court case that ruled slavery cannot be prohibited in the territories
Dred Scott decision
Quaker leader who founded Pennsylvania as a place for religious tolerance.
William Penn
agreement balancing free and slave states while limiting slavery north of 36-30
Missouri Compromise
war between Britain and France in North America from 1754–1763.
French and Indian War
first major women’s rights convention in the United States
Seneca Falls Convention
agreement that ended Reconstruction
Compromise of 1877