Class
According to Crompton (2003), this is a good general measure of social class.
Occupation
Connell (1995) uses this term for the dominant, idealised form of being a man.
Hegemonic masculinity
This sociologist (2003) separates ethnicity from race: ethnicity is about shared culture, not biology.
Ossorio
This term describes a group of people born in the same period who share similar social experiences.
Age cohort
Name the three drivers of identity change in Standard 2.
Globalisation, increased choice, and new/hybrid identities
Traditional working-class identity was partly built on what people were NOT. Name the two terms used for the working-class group and for the middle/upper-class group.
Self (working class) and Other (middle/upper class)
Calling a toddler “little princess” is an example of which of Oakley’s (1972) four methods of gender socialisation?
Verbal appellation
According to Winston and Song, this is the key factor in whether an ethnic identity exists.
Being conscious (aware) of belonging
— In many traditional societies, life stages are marked by these, rather than by years.
Age sets and initiation rites
Young British Asians calling themselves “Brasian” is an example of this kind of identity
Hybrid identity
The upper class is made up of these two groupings.
Landed aristocracy and the business elite
In Schauer's (2004) list, this type of masculinity describes the “new man” who benefits without fully living the ideal.
Complicit
This term describes a majority group defining a minority as different (“Us” vs. “They”) and as a possible threat.
Otherness
This historian-sociologist (1962) argued that childhood is a modern social construction
Philippe Ariès
This sociologist (1992) described three stages of the self, ending with the “postmodern subject.”
Stuart Hall
Goldthorpe et al. (1968) said the “new” working class was privatised and this, seeing work only as a means to an end.
Instrumental
These two sociologists (2002) interviewed London boys aged 11–14 and found a masculine “front.”
Frosh and Phoenix
This sociologist (2008) described ethnic boundaries that can protect a group or be imposed through stereotypes.
Wimmer
Hood-Williams (1990) says adults control children through these three things.
Space, time and bodies
This sociologist (2002) said identity in postmodern societies is “pieced together from many changing options.”
Rampton
This sociologist (1992) challenged Goldthorpe by finding the new working class kept a strong sense of “being working class.”
Devine
Name the three forms of femininity in the text (Chambers, Hollows/McRobbie, and Evans).
Contingent, assertive and autonomous
Name the two examples of shared histories that shape ethnic identity.
Slavery and the Holocaust
Eisenstadt sees youth culture as functional. This is how Neo-Marxists see youth subcultures such as punk
As resistance to the dominant culture
The 2013 BBC-backed Great British Class Survey measured social and cultural capital as well as income. This many classes were found.
Seven