Macromolecules and Building Blocks
These are the building blocks that join together in specific sequences to form proteins.
What are amino acids?
This digestive reaction occurs when water is added to break down a disaccharide like lactose into simpler monosaccharides.
What is hydrolysis?
Lactase functions most effectively in the small intestine because of this type of pH environment, which ranges from 7.5 to 8.5.
What is a slightly basic (alkaline) pH?
This organelle is responsible for regulating the movement of materials into and out of the cell and relies heavily on lipids.
What is the cell membrane?
Starting with organelles, this sequence correctly orders life from smallest subunit to most complex system.
What is organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems?
This macromolecule, such as glucose or simple sugar, is primarily responsible for providing an immediate burst of energy.
What are carbohydrates?
An enzyme works on a specific starting molecule during a chemical reaction, which is known by this term.
What is a substrate?
Raising the temperature of an investigation significantly above optimal levels can cause an enzyme to lose its shape and stop working through this process.
What is denaturation?
This organelle provides the cellular energy (ATP) essential for processes like protein synthesis.
What is the mitochondrion (mitochondria)?
Defined as a group of cells working together with a similar structure and function, this level fills the gap between cells and organs.
This class of macromolecules makes up the cell membrane and provides long-lasting energy reserves.
What are lipids (or fats)?
This term explains why lactase breaks down lactose but cannot digest other disaccharides like sucrose or maltose.
What is enzyme specificity (or shape specificity)?
Besides temperature, this environmental factor in the stomach or intestine heavily influences the rate at which digestive enzymes work.
What is pH?
This cellular organelle is the site where amino acids are assembled into proteins.
What is the ribosome?
Sprinters who require rapid, short-term energy need fuel bars containing higher amounts of this macromolecule type.
What are simple carbohydrates (or sugars)?
Nucleases break down nucleic acids like DNA into these individual monomer subunits.
What are nucleotides?
When lactase breaks down lactose, the disaccharide is split into two smaller single-sugar units known by this general term.
What are monosaccharides (or simple sugars)?
If an investigation testing protein digestion at high temperatures shows zero protein digested, it is most likely because the enzyme underwent this structural change.
What is changing shape / denaturing?
These two structures are found in plant cells but are absent in animal cells.
What are the cell wall and chloroplasts?
A heart cell, a heart tissue, and the heart itself all work together to form a system that pumps blood through the body, which is an example of this level of organization.
What is an organ system?
This macromolecule category includes enzymes like lactase and amylase.
What are proteins?
People who are lactose intolerant can take Lactaid supplements before eating dairy because their bodies do not produce enough of this.
What is the lactase enzyme?
This specific region on an enzyme is where the substrate binds, and its shape can be permanently damaged if the temperature or pH strays too far from optimal levels.
What is the active site?
This organelle modifies and packages them into vesicles to be transported to other parts of the cell or exported out entirely.
What is the Golgi apparatus (or Golgi body)?
The metabolic process where individual amino acids (AA) are bonded together to form a protein chain is known as this type of synthesis.
What is protein synthesis (or dehydration synthesis)?