Geography + Early Africa
This African biome, characterized by extensive grasslands, generally provided favorable conditions for agriculture and permanent settlements.
What is: the Savanna
These three motivations for European exploration are commonly known as the "Three G's."
What is: God, Gold and Glory
This Belgian king personally controlled the Congo Free State, where millions of Congolese suffered under brutal systems of forced labor and resource exploitation.
Who is: King Leopold II
This system of legalized racial segregation in South Africa restricted where people could live, work, and travel based on their race.
What is: Apartheid
During the Rwandan Genocide, extremist radio stations referred to Tutsis as "cockroaches." This is an example of which step of genocide?
What is: Dehumanization
African storytellers (example: griots) helped preserve history and culture through this practice of passing down knowledge verbally.
What are: Oral Traditions
This historical period, characterized by renewed interest in science, learning, and innovation, helped make the Age of Exploration possible.
What is: The Renaissance
Unlike Ghana's largely nonviolent independence movement, Kenya's struggle against British colonial rule also included this form of resistance, partly fueled by European settlers taking African land.
What is: Armed resistance (The Mau Mau Rebellion)
This term refers to white South Africans primarily descended from Dutch and other early European settlers, historically known as Boers.
Who are: Afrikaners
The Rwandan Genocide began shortly after this event in April 1994, which Hutu extremists blamed on Tutsis.
What is: The Rwandan president's plane being shot down, killing him (the assassination of President Habyarimana)
This major migration helped spread languages, agriculture, and ironworking throughout Central and Southern Africa.
What is: the Bantu Migration
During the Scramble for Africa, European powers held this meeting to establish rules for claiming African territory, without inviting African representatives. (DOULBE POINTS IF YOU CAN GET THE YEAR IT OCCURED)
What is: The Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
This nationalist leader promoted Pan-Africanism, and organized Ghana's Positive Action campaign, using strikes, protests, and boycotts to push for independence from Britain.
Who was: Kwame Nkrumah
In 1976, thousands of Black South African students participated in this uprising against apartheid's discriminatory education policies.
What is the: Soweto Uprising
Under Belgian colonial rule, this system played a large role reinforcing divisions between Hutus and Tutsis.
What are: ethnic identity cards
The West African empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai became wealthy and powerful through Trans-Saharan trade partly by controlling trade routes and doing this...
What is: Taxing trade in and out of their territory
The Portuguese established this highly profitable agricultural system on Atlantic islands that later became common in European colonies in the Americas.
What is: the Slave based Plantation system
By limiting Congolese access to education and government positions, Belgian colonial rule left the Congo facing this major challenge when it gained independence.
What is: A shortage of educated and experienced Congolese leaders -> instability in government
In 1960, South African police opened fire on demonstrators protesting apartheid's pass laws in this infamous event.
What is: the Sharpeville Massacre
These raw materials are highly sought after, leading to groups, sometimes armed, to compete for control, leading to instability, conflict, and denying the countries who possess them of their economic benefits. (DOUBLE POINT OPPORTUNITY IF YOU CAN IDENTIFY 2 EXAMPLES)
What are: Conflict Minerals (3 Ts - Tantalum, Tin, Tungsten + gold + cobalt, lithium and more)
Although one was located inland and the other along Africa's eastern coast, these two African societies both benefited from trade connecting African resources to Indian Ocean markets.
What is: Great Zimbabwe and the Swahili Coast
During the Transatlantic Slave Trade, the exchange of European firearms for enslaved Africans encouraged instability and conflict in some parts of Africa in this way.
What is: African groups fighting and raiding to capture more people they could trade for additional firearms. (Needed to defend themselves from the same)
Following World War II, the United Nations and African independence movements increasingly demanded this right: the ability of people to choose their own government and political future without foreign control.
What is: Self-determination (will accept self-government)
Identify the TWO major sources of pressure that eventually pushed South Africa's apartheid government to negotiate an end to the system.
What is: Internal resistance and international pressure (internal: protests/organization/unrest & external: sanctions, condemnation)
This term describes the continued economic or political influence of foreign countries and businesses over African nations, even after they have gained independence.
What is: Neocolonialism