Cell Organelles
Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
Ribosome
What type of transport does not require energy?
Passive Transport
Name an example of useful energy
Light energy, chemical energy, potential energy, etc.
What is the name of the compound that binds to an enzyme?
substrate
What level of human organization comes after cells?
Tissues
Which two organelles contain digestive enzymes?
lysosomes and peroxisomes
Describe pinocytosis
Very small particles or a liquid are taken into the cell by vesicle formation
State the second law of thermodynamics (entropy law)
All energy transformations involve a loss of useable energy
Describe the induced fit model of enzyme-substrate binding
The enzyme undergoes a slight change in shape to achieve optimum fit with the substrate
What is the name for multiple layers of column-shaped cells?
stratified columnar
What is the main difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough ER ribosomes, smooth ER does not
Why can nonpolar molecules easily pass through the cell membrane?
They are hydrophobic, so can easily move through the lipid bilayer
Describe the difference between catabolism and anabolism
Catabolism = breakdown of larger molecules (releases energy), anabolism = synthesizes larger molecules (uses energy)
Describe how enzyme reaction rate changes from low to high substrate concentration
Increases with substrate concentration until the maximum reaction rate is reached when the active sites are almost continuously filled
What is the difference between ventral and dorsal cavity?
Ventral = front side of body, dorsal = back side of body
Describe the difference between flagella and cilia
- Flagella: long, few, propeller-like movement
- Cilia: short, many, oar-like movement
- Both have a 9+2 microtubule structure
A cell is in a hypotonic solution. Describe:
- solute concentration (higher or lower in cell)
- direction of water movement (into or out of cell)
- cell result (lysis, crenation, or neither)
- Solute higher in cell
- Water moves into cell
- Cell will go through lysis (bursting)
For an EXERGONIC reaction, compare the energy in reactants to products
The amount of useful energy in the products is less than that of the reactants
What is the difference between the effect that pH vs. temperature has on an enzyme?
- If pH is too low, enzyme will denature
- If temperature is too low, there will not be enough kinetic energy to bring enzyme and substrate together
Describe smooth muscle in terms of its shape, striations (yes or no), nuclei pattern, and function in the body.
spindle-shaped, not striated, one nucleus in irregular patterns, help control involuntary fluid movement by altering openings of body pathways (e.g. blood vessels, stomach)
A mutation prevents proteins from being tagged correctly in the Golgi. Predict the consequences for the cell.
Proteins won’t reach correct destinations; secretion fails, enzymes may not reach lysosomes
Explain how membrane fluidity would change in cold temperatures
Membrane lipids lose kinetic energy, becomes less fluid, therefore less permeable
Explain how exergonic and endergonic reactions are coupled in ATP cycling
When ATP breaks down into ADP, it releases a phosphate group + energy, which is used to reform ATP in an endergonic reaction
A mutation changes the shape of an enzyme’s active site. Predict how this affects enzyme function.
Substrate may not bind, leading to a loss of function of the enzyme
An ultimate player has torn his achilles tendon. Explain why this type of connective tissue is especially susceptible to tears/injuries.
Tendons are dense fibrous connective tissues, made of collagen fibers, which are less flexible