North Vs. South
Capital of the Confederacy.
Richmond, Virginia
Define War of Attrition.
a military strategy aimed at winning by wearing down an enemy’s personnel, morale, and resources to the point of collapse through continuous losses, rather than decisive, rapid maneuvers. This slow, grinding approach persists over long periods, focusing on sheer endurance, superior logistics, and the ability to outlast the opponent
President of the Union/ United States
Abraham Lincoln
Define Habeas Corpus
a fundamental legal writ—or court order—used to bring a prisoner before a judge to determine if their detention is lawful. It protects against arbitrary, unlawful imprisonment by requiring custodians (e.g., prison officials) to justify holding an individual.
Lincoln's plan for reconstruction.
Lincoln viewed Reconstruction as a presidential power (used pardon authority).
Goal: Restore the Union quickly and peacefully.
Ten Percent Plan (1863)
When 10% of 1860 voters swore loyalty to the Union → new state gov’t allowed.
States had to abolish slavery.
Tennessee, Louisiana, Arkansas re-entered under this plan.
Military governors temporarily ran occupied areas.
Lincoln aimed for “malice toward none” — reconciliation, not punishment.
List the Border States.
Delaware, Missouri, Kentucky and Maryland
(Later West Virginia)
New technology of war.
Bullets – new invention – did not drift as it flew
Rifling – new invention - made bullets travel straighter
Canon – now fired shells (instead of canon balls) which exploded in the in the air or on contact
Canister – new invention – special shells filled with small lead balls
President of the Confederacy.
* Remember the Confederacy was never formally recognized
Jefferson Davis
Who was eligible and exempt from the Confederacy's draft (conscription).
all white men 18 – 35 had to fight (anyone with 20 or more slaves were exempt from the draft)
Andrew Johnson's Plan.
Former Democrat and slave owner, loyal to Union.
Favored leniency and quick restoration.
Policies:
General amnesty for Southerners who took loyalty oaths.
Allowed Confederate leaders to apply for presidential pardon.
Returned confiscated land to pardoned Southerners.
Appointed white-only provisional governments.
No black suffrage; states’ rights approach to voting laws.
Advantages of the North
More People
More Money
The railroads
Superior Navy
Southern strategy of war.
Offensive/defensive strategy
Capture Washington and Struck Maryland & Pennsylvania
Shatter Northern Morale & disrupt Union communication
Senior officer in the United States Army, who joined the Confederacy as a military leader
Robert E. Lee
FILL IN THE BLANK:
_______________________(Jan 1863): Freed slaves in rebellious areas; no effect in Union slave states.
Emancipation Proclamation
Radical Republican Plan.
Radical Republicans wanted harsher terms for the South.
Goals:
Punish rebel leaders, confiscate land.
Ensure civil and political rights for freedpeople (esp. voting).
Feared Democrats would regain power once South rejoined.
Believed seceded states were now territories under Congressional control.
Advantages of the South.
Fighting a defensive war
Excellent military leadership
Northern strategy in the beginning.
Gen. Winfield Scott recommended the Union slowly squeeze the South by cutting off their resources (Anaconda Plan)
Northern Strategy –
Capture Richmond
Gain control of the Mississippi River
Institute a Naval blockade of the South stopping supplies from coming into the South
Strategy Centered on dividing the South geographically
Politician who served as the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881
Rutherford B. Hayes
This act caused riots in New York. Caused by anti-conscription and fear of newly freed people would steal jobs
Enrollment Act of 1863
Grant's Plan.
Used federal troops in states where African American rights were threatened went after KKK
Supported the 15th amendment (all male citizens have the right to vote)
Supported the civil rights act of 1865 = ban racial discrimination in public places
Supported the Force Acts of 1870 (allows federal government to go after groups like the kkk) ( Enforcement act of 1870)
Why did the South want Britain's acknowledgement?
Britain was important because it was: the leading industrial power of the time the main market for America’s most valuable product, raw cotton home of many emigrants to America (at this time the UK included Ireland). the world’s leading naval power the only great power with a land border with the USA – Canada, a destination for many fugitive slaves.
What did the Northern strategies change to?
Divide the Confederacy by controlling the Mississippi River.
Use “Total War” to destroy Southern resources in Georgia and the Shenandoah Valley.
The war became one of attrition — victory went to the side with more men and resources.
Union general in the Battle of Chattanooga; know for his burning of Atlanta and his March to the Sea
William Tecumseh Sherman
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____________________- Maryland farmer and militia officer __________________ applied for a Writ of Habeas Corpus. Chief Justice Taney- issued the writ but the Army refused to release ______________ or bring him to court→ Lincoln had suspended habeas corpus
John Merryman
Proposed by Benjamin Wade and Henry Davis.
Required 50% of white males to take a loyalty oath — not 10%.
Excluded Confederate officials and soldiers from new governments.
Passed Congress, but Lincoln vetoed it.
Result: No unified Reconstruction policy before Lincoln’s assassination.
Wade- Davis Bill