Development and Lifespan
Identify the three stages of prenatal development
Germinal, embryonic and foetal.
Identify two significant transitions an individual may experience.
Examples include starting school, puberty, entering employment, becoming a parent or moving out of home.
Identify two responsibilities of parents or carers.
Providing safety, nutrition, emotional support, healthcare and opportunities for learning.
What does PBS stand for?
Pharmceutical Benefits Scheme
Identify two allied health professionals.
Examples include physiotherapists, dietitians, occupational therapists, psychologists and speech pathologists.
Define health literacy.
Health literacy relates to how people access, understand and use health information and services in ways that promote and maintain health and wellbeing.
Describe one characteristic of the embryonic stage.
Major organs and body structures begin to develop during approximately weeks 3–8 after conception.
Define a respectful relationship.
A relationship characterised by mutual respect, trust, equality, communication and consideration for each person's rights and boundaries.
Explain what is meant by an optimal environment for development.
An environment that supports healthy physical, social, emotional and intellectual development through safety, stimulation, nurturing relationships and access to essential resources.
Define bulk billing
When a service provider only charges the schedule fee leaving the patient with no out of pocket costs.
Identify one difference between a GP and a specialist.
A GP provides broad primary healthcare, while a specialist has advanced expertise in a particular medical field.
Identify two opportunities digital media provides for accessing health information.
Convenient access, anonymity, a wide range of resources, peer support and access outside normal healthcare hours.
Explain the difference between growth and development.
Growth involves measurable physical changes such as height and weight. Development involves changes in complexity, skills and capabilities across physical, social, emotional and intellectual development.
Explain how positive relationships can influence emotional development.
Supportive relationships can help individuals recognise, express and manage emotions, developing emotional regulation and resilience.
Explain how parental nutrition during pregnancy can influence prenatal development.
Adequate nutrients support fetal growth and organ development, while nutritional deficiencies may increase the risk of adverse developmental outcomes for example low birth weight.
Distinguish between Medicare and the PBS.
Medicare subsidises eligible healthcare services, whereas the PBS subsidises eligible prescription medicines.
Explain how a GP can improve a young person's health literacy.
A GP can explain health conditions and treatment options, answer questions and help a young person understand and apply reliable health information.
Distinguish between functional and critical health literacy.
Functional health literacy involves understanding basic health information. Critical health literacy involves evaluating information and using it to make informed decisions.
Explain how development during infancy can influence development during early childhood.
Developing movement and communication skills in infancy provides a foundation for more complex skills in early childhood, such as running, interacting with peers and using longer sentences.
Explain how a transition into parenthood may influence social and emotional development.
New responsibilities may alter relationships and social roles, while the challenges of caring for a child can strengthen emotional regulation, empathy and coping skills.
Explain how positive parenting practices may influence two areas of early childhood development.
Responsive communication can support language development (intellectual), while warmth and consistent emotional support can help children recognise and regulate emotions (emotional).
Explain how the NDIS may promote social health and wellbeing.
Funding eligible disability-related supports may help a participant engage in community activities, supporting them to develop:
- productive relationships
- effective communication
- supportive and well-functioning family
- supportive network of friends
- ability to adapt appropriately to different social situations
Analyse how geographical location may influence young people's access to healthcare.
Young people living in these areas may have fewer healthcare services available, compared to those living in metropolitan areas. As a result, young people may be required to travel long distances to access healthcare, increasing transport costs and the time required to attend appointments. This may discourage them from seeking medical assistance or cause delays in receiving treatment. Consequently, preventable health conditions may worsen.
Explain how misinformation on social media could negatively influence physical health and wellbeing.
A young person may follow unsafe health advice or delay appropriate treatment, potentially causing illness limiting the ability to complete daily tasks or reducing effective function of the body and its systems.
Analyse (give cause and effect) how an experience during early childhood could influence two areas of development later in life.
For example, supportive play-based learning can develop language and problem-solving skills (intellectual development) and cooperation and relationship skills (social development), which may support learning and social interactions in later life.
Discuss (strengths and limitations) how both individual and social factors can influence a person's ability to manage a significant life transition.
Individual factors such as resilience and communication skills may help someone adapt, while social factors such as family support, financial resources and access to services may reduce stress. Limited support can make the transition more challenging.
Analyse (cause and effect) how parental health behaviours and family circumstances may influence the health and wellbeing of future generations.
Health behaviours and socioeconomic circumstances can affect prenatal development, childhood opportunities and learned behaviours. For example, access to nutritious food may support healthy growth and establish eating habits that are passed to the next generation. Alternatively, lack of money can mean less access to nutritious food which can lead to unhealthy eating habits that are passed to the next generation.
Discuss one strength and one limitation of Medicare in promoting the health and wellbeing of Australian youth.
Strength: subsidised healthcare can improve access to diagnosis and treatment. Limitation: gaps in coverage, waiting times or out-of-pocket costs may reduce access. A developed answer links these to specific dimensions of health and wellbeing.
Discuss (strengths and limitations) how cost, confidentiality and availability may influence a young person's decision to use a healthcare service.
Cost may discourage attendance, confidentiality concerns may prevent disclosure of sensitive information, and limited appointments may delay treatment. Bulk billing, youth-friendly services and clear privacy information can reduce these barriers.
Evaluate the extent to which digital media can improve young people's health literacy and health and wellbeing.
Provide a contention and support your contention with strengths and limitations.
For example: Digital media can provide accessible, timely information and support informed decisions. However, misinformation, commercial bias and privacy risks may undermine these benefits. Its effectiveness depends on the credibility of sources and the young person's ability to evaluate and apply information. Inability to correctly evaluate and apply information could result in impacts to the functioning of the body and its systems.