The need for Science & Scientific Method (mods 4-5)
Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon
Hindsight bias - the tendency to believe, AFTER learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
What is the goal of descriptive research?
To observe & record
What is the definition of correlation
a measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together. AKA prediction
What is an independent variable vs. a dependent variable? (which one is which in the example below)?
Ex: Task performance varies significantly depending on the type of music played, suggesting that music influences cognitive processes related to task performance.
Indept: type of music played (classical, pop, R&b, etc)
Dep: task performance (measured by accuracy or speed, etc)
What is descriptive stats?
numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups
What is the definition of overconfidence?
The tendency to think we know more than we do.
What are the three types of descriptive research?
1.) Case Study 2.) Naturalistic Observation 3.) Survey
What is a correlation coefficient
a statistical index of the relationship between 2 variables from -1.00 to +1.00
What is a control group?
The group NOT exposed to the treatment
What are some ways to perform descriptive stats?
1. graph data 2. correlation coefficients 3. measures of central tendency and variation
What is the vocab word to describe: an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors
Theory
A researcher looking to for differences in how pedestrians behave at crosswalks observes at three different locations across their city and compares the data. What is this an example of (case study, naturalistic, or survey)
Naturalistic observation
Is the following a positive or negative correlation:
The more stress a person is under the lower quality of sleep they get.
Negative
How are confounding variables controlled for in an experiment?
1.) double-blind 2.) placebos 3.) confederates 4.) random sampling
What are the measures of central tendency?
Which one is most vulnerable to outliers?
The mean, median, the mode?
the mean
When sleep deprived, people remember less from the day before. This is an example of what?
A hypotheses
Identify the issue:
Suppose a survey asks two different groups of people the following questions about a political issue:
Group A: "Do you support the freedom to express different viewpoints, even those you disagree with?"
Group B: ""Do you support allowing people with extreme views to spread dangerous ideologies?""
Wording bias
Why can't correlation research explain a cause and effect relationship?
1. Confounding variables
2. Illusory Correlations
Why are ethics important in experiments?
To minimize harm, illness, or any negative unintended consequence
What % of scores will fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean for a normal distribution?
68%
How could one use an operational definition for "human intelligence"?
Wide range of answers but make sure you gave something specific that would help someone else replicate your study.
Which of the three descriptive methods can concluded cause and effect?
NONE OF THEM CAN! They is one of the drawbacks!
What is regression toward the mean?
The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average.
Which of the following r-values represent the strongest relationship between 2 variables?
A.) +.3 B.) +.75 C.) +.5 D.) -.87 E.) -.02
D
1. Define statistical Significance
2. Does a p value of .05 indicate statistical significance?
1. A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.
2. NO! it has to be less than .05!