Geography
What is the name for an independent Greek city-state?
Polis
Which Greek city-state was famous for its military discipline and powerful land army?
Sparta
Which empire attempted to invade and conquer Greek territories during the Persian Wars?
Persian Empire
Who was the Macedonian king and father of Alexander the Great?
Phillip II
What term describes the culture that developed as Greek traditions interacted with Egyptian, Persian, and other regional cultures?
Hellenistic culture.
Which geographic feature made travel between Greek communities difficult and encouraged independent city-states?
Mountains
What form of government allowed eligible Athenian citizens to vote directly on political decisions?
Direct Democracy
At which naval battle did Greek forces defeat the Persian fleet in 480 BCE?
The Battle of Salamis
Which powerful empire did Alexander defeat during his military campaigns?
Persian Empire
Which Egyptian city became an important center of trade, scholarship, and learning after Alexander's conquests?
Alexandria.
Why did many Greek communities rely on trade to obtain resources?
Rocky terrain and limited farmland made it difficult to produce everything they needed.
Which groups were excluded from political participation in Athenian democracy?
Women, enslaved people, and resident foreigners.
Which two powerful Greek city-states were the main rivals in the Peloponnesian War?
Sparta and Athens
Why did Alexander's soldiers eventually refuse to continue advancing into India?
They were exhausted after years of campaigning and wanted to return home.
Which Hellenistic mathematician is especially associated with geometry and the work Elements?
Euclid
What is the term for the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies between civilizations through contact and trade?
Cultural Diffusion
How did Athens and Sparta differ in their military strengths?
Athens was especially powerful at sea, while Sparta was known for its land army.
How did the military strategies of Athens and Sparta differ during the Peloponnesian War?
Athens relied heavily on naval power, while Sparta was strongest in land warfare.
What happened to Alexander's empire after his death in 323 BCE?
It divided into kingdoms ruled by competing successors.
How did Alexander's conquests encourage cultural diffusion?
They connected distant regions through new cities, migration, trade, and interaction among different populations.
Two Greek cities share a language and religion but develop separate governments. Explain how geography could have contributed to this outcome
Mountains separated communities and made communication difficult, encouraging independent political development.
Athens and Sparta shared Greek culture but frequently disagreed. Explain how their different priorities could contribute to conflict.
Athens emphasized naval power, trade, and civic participation, while Sparta prioritized military discipline and land power. Their competing interests contributed to rivalry.
Explain how the Peloponnesian War helped create the conditions for Macedonia's conquest of Greece.
Years of conflict weakened Greek armies, damaged resources, and increased political divisions, making it easier for Macedonia to expand.
Why was maintaining Alexander's empire more difficult than conquering individual territories?
The empire covered enormous distances and included diverse populations, creating problems with communication, supplies, political loyalty, and administration.
Alexander's empire divided after his death. Explain why his cultural influence continued even though his political empire did not survive.
Greek language, scholarship, art, and other traditions continued spreading through the Hellenistic kingdoms and influenced later civilizations, including Rome.