Enlightenment
This Enlightenment philosopher argued that all humans possess natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
John Locke
This social group made up 98% of France's population before 1789, paid almost all the taxes, and included peasants, urban workers, and the bourgeoisie.
Third Estate
He was a formerly enslaved man and military genius who led the rebellion that established Haiti as the first independent Black republic in 1804.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Otto von Bismarck used this famous phrase to explain that Germany would be unified through warfare and industrial strength rather than speeches or votes.
"Blood and Iron"
Baron de Montesquieu proposed this governmental structure to prevent absolute tyranny by dividing power among three branches.
Separation of Power
This symbolic event on July 14, 1789, marked the official start of the French Revolution when citizens stormed a royal fortress searching for weapons.
Storming of Bastille
Known as "The Liberator," this Creole leader wrote the Jamaica Letter and freed northern South America from Spanish colonial rule.
Simón Bolívar
This political philosophy, practiced by Otto von Bismarck and Count Camillo di Cavour, focuses on practical, strategic actions based on national interest rather than moral ideals.
Realpolitik
According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a government should be based on this concept, representing the collective will of the people.
Social Contract
Maximilien Robespierre led the Committee of Public Safety during this radical phase of the revolution, executing thousands via the guillotine.
Reign of Terror
In the Spanish colonial Casta system, this wealthy social group was born in the Americas of European descent but was excluded from holding high government offices.
Creoles
Giuseppe Garibaldi led this volunteer nationalist army in conquering southern Italy and Sicily to unify the Italian peninsula.
Redshirts
Enlightenment thinkers used these two tools instead of tradition or religious doctrine to critique absolute monarchies.
John Locke
This military leader seized power in a 1799 coup d'état, stabilized France, and codified Enlightenment principles into a famous legal system.
Napoleon Bonaparte
This Catholic priest initiated the Mexican War of Independence with the Grito de Dolores, calling on Indigenous peasants and Mestizos to revolt.
Father Miguel Hidalgo
Prussia possessed rich deposits of these two natural resources in the Ruhr Valley, powering the industrial and military strength needed to unify Germany.
Coal and iron ore