DNA to Protein
This type of RNA carries the genetic message from the nucleus to the ribosome.
What is mRNA
This technique amplifies a specific DNA segment using primers and a heat-stable polymerase.
What is PCR
The organelle where photosynthesis occurs.
What is the chloroplast
A molecule on a pathogen that triggers an immune response.
What is an antigen
The exchange of genes between populations via interbreeding.
What is genetic flow
The complete set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue or organism at a given time.
What is the proteome
These enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sequences.
What are restriction enzymes
The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
What is oxygen
Dendritic cells and neutrophils belong to this group of innate immune cells.
What are phagocytes
The similar bone structure in a bat wing and a human arm is evidence of this.
What are homologous structures (common ancestry)
Extreme heat or pH causes an enzyme to permanently lose its 3D shape, a process called this.
What is denaturation
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by this property.
What is size (length) and molecular weight
This stage of cellular respiration takes place outside of the mitochondria.
What is glycolysis
These lymphocytes secrete antibodies.
What are B plasma cells
The process the influences individuals with advantageous traits, enables them to survive and reproduce more successfully.
What is natural selection
The process that lets one eukaryotic gene code for multiple different proteins.
What is alternative splicing (of exons)
Derived from a defense mechanism in bacteria, this revolutionary genome-editing tool uses an enzyme to cut specific sequences of DNA.
What is CRISPR-Cas9
In this stage of photosynthesis, CO₂ is fixed and G3P is produced in the stroma.
What is the light-independent stage (Calvin cycle)
Changes to surface antigens, such as in influenza, are why vaccines are reformulated regularly.
What is antigenic drift/shift (antigenic variation)
Two different processes that drastically lower genetic diversity and leave a smaller population vulnerable to inbreeding and environmental changes.
What is the bottleneck and founder effect
The type of inhibition that can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration.
What is competitive inhibition
What is sticky end
To ensure that exposed nucleotides are left to enable a higher chance of the plasmid and DNA fragment being joined together
The inputs required for the light dependent reactions in photosynthesis
What are:
Light
Water
ADP + Pi
NADP+
The process by which a naive lymphocyte's receptors bind to its specific antigen, causing activation.
What is clonal selection
Any 3 of these features indicate changes that occur to support bipedalism.
What are:
foramen magnum moved more central
carrying angle of the femur increased
S-shaped spine
arm-to-leg ratio (shorter arms, longer legs)
more prominent arch in the feet
shorter and wider pelvis