cognitive development theory
What is crystallized intelligence?
The knowledge and skills accumulated over time through education and experience, improving with age, and useful for problem-solving based on facts and prior learning.
What is overgeneralization?
Common error in language development where children apply gramatical rules too broadly.
What is Identity Moratorium?
A stage in which individuals actively explore various life paths, beliefs, and values, without committing.
What is superstitious behavior?
The accidental reinforcement of behaviors leading to the belief that those behavior are causing desired outcomes every when they aren't.
What is biological preparedness?
The unique tendency of organisms to quickly learn associations between certain stimuli and responses that are relevant for survival.
What is Scaffolding?
A teaching method where a knowledgeable person provides tailored support to help a learner achieve new skills, gradually reducing assistance as the learner becomes more proficient.
What is Cooing?
The early stages in language development where infants produce repetitive soft vowels.
What are Adverse Childhood Experiences?
Potentially traumatic events or conditions, such as abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction that occur before 18, can have long-term impacts on health and well-being.
What is latent learning?
Learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement or motivation but isn't used till needed.
What is spontaneous recovery?
The reappearance of a previously stopped conditioned response after a period of rest suggests the extinction doesn't erase the association, but temporarily suppresses it.
What is the Theory of Mind?
The ability to understand that others have different thoughts, feelings, and perspectives different from ones own.
What are morphemes?
The smallest unit of meaning in a language, such as prefixes, suffixes, and root words.
What is Authoritative parenting?
A balanced approach to parenting, combining high expectations with warmth and support. Parents enforce clear rules and encourage independence while being responsive and open.
What is fixed interval reinforcement?
reinforcement delivered after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement, leading to a predictive pattern of behavior.
What is a conditioned stimulus?
A previously neutral stimulus that after being repeatedly paired with an unconditional stimulus evokes like a conditioned response
What is Animism?
A stage in preoperational, where children attribute lifelike qualities to inanimate objects.
What is the critical period?
A specific time frame in early childhood when the brain is more receptive to learning languages.
What is a mesosystem?
Relationship between different microsystems in an individual's life.( EX: parents don't approve of a friend).
What is reinforcement generalization?
The tendency to respond similarly to different stimuli that are associated with the same reinforcement.
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any learning needed
Who is Lev Vygotsky?
A developmental psychologist known for his theory that social interactions play a critical role in cognitive development, emphasizing the importance of culture, language, and the zone of proximal development.
What are phonemes?
The smallest unit of sound in a language that can change the meaning of a word.
What is Avoidant attachment?
A pattern where children exhibit independence and avoid seeking comfort from their caregivers, often as a result of caregivers who were emotionally unavailable or unresponsive. These children are unaffected by separation and avoid closeness.
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences like reinforcement or punishment.
What is classical conditioning?
A learning method where we associate two stimuli, allowing us to anticipate events