Nature V Nurture
This term represents a human's inborn or natural tendencies, behaviors, or capabilities.
What is "Innate" or "Instinct"?
This reflex occurs when a baby is startled and throws out their arms before bringing them back in.
What is the Moro reflex?
This stage of psychosocial development during infancy focuses on establishing trust through the consistent meeting of basic needs by caregivers.
What is "Psychosocial Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust"?
This stage, as described by Piaget, occurs from ages 2 to 7, where children use language and imagery to represent objects, though they struggle with logical reasoning and understanding the perspectives of others.
What is "Stage 2: Preoperational"?
According to Piaget, this stage of cognitive development involves thinking logically about tangible things and grasping the concept of conservation.
What is "Cognitive Stage 3: Concrete Operational"?
This term refers to the first occurrence of menstruation in females, signifying the onset of puberty.
What is "Menarche"?
This reflex occurs when a baby turns its head toward a touch on the cheek, helping it find food.
What is the rooting reflex?
Acquiring knowledge or skills through experience and teaching is a key part of this side of the debate.
What is "Learning"?
When a child calls a goat a “dog” because it fits their existing understanding, they are using this process.
What is "assimilation"?
A toddler insists on doing things independently but may feel shame if criticized, this reflects this stage.
What is "Autonomy vs. Self-doubt"?
A child assumes everyone sees the world exactly the way they do, showing this cognitive limitation.
What is "Egocentrism"?
A child understands that a flattened ball of clay can be rolled back into its original shape, demonstrating this concept.
What is "Reversibility"?
This type of thinking allows adolescents to consider “what if” scenarios and possibilities.
What is hypothetical thinking?
A teen believes everyone is constantly watching and judging them, demonstrating this concept.
What is imaginary audience?
This refers to the environmental and societal influences, beliefs, and customs passed down within a specific group.
What is "Culture"?
This cognitive concept refers to an infant's understanding that objects exist even when they are not visible.
What is "Object permanence"?
This term refers to the anxiety that infants experience when they come into contact with unfamiliar people.
What is "Stranger anxiety"?
According to Piaget, this term refers to the lack of understanding that certain quantities remain the same even when their appearance changes.
What is "Lack of conservation"?
This term, coined by psychologist Lev Vygotsky, refers to the support and guidance provided by an adult or peer to help a child learn a new skill, gradually reducing assistance as the child becomes more competent.
What is "scaffolding"?
This type of reasoning involves drawing conclusions or inferences from general principles and rules.
What is "deductive reasoning"?
According to Piaget, this term refers to mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.
What is "Schema"?
This term refers to the total of all external factors that influence a person's life, development, and survival, including physical, social, and cultural aspects.
What is "Environment"?
According to Piaget's theory, infants learn during this cognitive development stage through sensory experiences and physical actions.
What is "Cognitive Stage 1: Sensorimotor"?
This term refers to the distress an infant experiences when separated from their primary caregiver.
What is "Separation anxiety"?
According to Erikson, this stage involves children initiating tasks and developing a sense of purpose, or they experience feelings of guilt.
What is "Psychosocial Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt"?
This term describes the ability to group objects into categories based on common features.
What is "Classification"?
According to Erikson, this stage involves adolescents actively exploring their identity and values, forming a clear sense of self.
What is "Psychosocial Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion/Diffusion"?
Harlow’s research showed that infants prefer comfort and security over food, supporting this concept.
What is contact comfort?
It includes the genetic material inherited from parents to offspring, shaping various traits and characteristics.
What are "Genes" or "Heredity"?
In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, this process involves modifying existing mental frameworks to incorporate new information, as when a child learns that not all four-legged animals are dogs.
What is "Accomodation"?
This term refers to the emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver, established through consistent care and responsiveness.
What is "Secure attachment"?
This term refers to the belief commonly held by children that inanimate objects possess feelings, thoughts, and intentions, often attributing life-like qualities to them.
What is "Animism"?
According to Erikson, this stage involves children developing a sense of competence by mastering tasks, or they may feel inadequate.
What is "Psychosocial Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority"?
This term describes the state in which adolescents remain uncertain about their identity, lacking direction and experiencing confusion.
What is "Role Confusion/Diffusion"?
When a child learns that a remote is not a phone and adjusts their thinking, they are using this process.
What is "Accommodation"?
This behavior develops as a result of BOTH genetic predispositions and environmental influences working together.
What is the interaction of nature and nurture?
An infant who searches for a toy after it has been hidden is demonstrating this cognitive milestone.
What is object permanence?
An infant who uses their caregiver as a “safe base” to explore but seeks comfort when distressed is showing this attachment style.
What is secure attachment?
A child believes the moon is following them home and that toys have thoughts feelings, this reflects this type of thinking.
What is animism?
A child feels proud after completing a difficult task and compares their success to others.
What is industry vs. inferiority?
A teenager believes their experiences are completely unique and that no one else could possibly understand them.
What is personal fable?
When a child learns that not all four-legged animals are dogs and adjusts their thinking, they are using this process.
What is accommodation?