Who Has The Power
This system divides governmental power between the national government and state governments
What is federalism
This Supreme Court case strengthened national power by supporting implied powers and rejecting Maryland's attempt to tax the national bank
What is McCulloch v. Maryland
Congress is divided into these two chambers
What are the House of Representatives and Senate
The president rejects legislation passed by Congress using this power
What is a veto
The heads of the major executive departments collectively make up this group of presidential advisers
What is the Cabinet
This type of law deals with crimes and punishment
What is criminal law
This power allows courts to determine whether government actions conflict with the Constitution
What is judicial review
Florida passes a law that directly conflicts with a valid federal law. This constitutional principle says the federal law takes priority
What is the Supremacy Clause
This early model of federalism kept national and state responsibilities relatively separate, like distinct layers
What is dual federalism
This chamber has 435 voting members whose representation is based on state population
What is the House of Representatives
This presidential action forgives punishment for a federal offense
What is a pardon
The president's closest advisers and personal support team are generally known by this name
What is the White House staff
This type of law commonly involves disputes between private parties involving rights, injuries, contracts, or property
What is civil law
This landmark 1803 case established judicial review as a central Supreme Court power
What is Marbury v. Madison
what powers are specifically granted to the national government by the Constitution
What are expressed powers
This model has national and state governments working together, earning it the nickname "marble cake federalism."
What is cooperative federalism
Members of this chamber serve six-year terms, with every state receiving two members
What is the Senate
The Constitution requires a president to be at least this age
What is 35
The enormous collection of departments, agencies, and employees responsible for carrying out government programs is known as this
What is the bureaucracy
This word means a court's authority to hear and decide a case
What is jurisdiction
This earlier court decision can serve as guidance for deciding later similar cases
What is a precedent
Running public schools, conducting elections, and regulating marriage are examples of this type of state power
What are reserved powers
The transfer of governmental responsibilities from the national government back toward the states is called this
What is devolution
A representative votes exactly as the people back home want, acting in this representation role
What is a delegate
The president's position as civilian leader of the armed forces is known by this title
What is Commander in Chief
A government employee exposes alleged wrongdoing taking place within an agency. This employee is known by this term
What is a whistle-blower
Put these three federal courts in order from lowest to highest: Supreme Court, District Court, Court of Appeals
What is District Court → Court of Appeals → Supreme Court
One justice agrees with the Court's final decision but disagrees with the majority's reasoning. That justice has what type of opinion?
What is a concurring opinion
The national and state governments can both exercise these powers, such as taxing and borrowing money
What are concurrent powers
When the federal government requires states to do something but does not provide the money necessary to do it, this results
What is an unfunded mandate
Congress creates a law that is not specifically listed in the Constitution but is reasonably connected to one of its expressed powers. This type of congressional power is being used
What is an implied power
Congress adjourns during the constitutional period for presidential action, and the president does not sign a bill. The bill dies through this process
What is a pocket veto
These government employees perform much of the everyday work inside federal agencies
Who are civil servants
When a court hears a case for the first time, it exercises this type of jurisdiction
What is original jurisdiction
Meaning roughly "stand by things decided," this principle encourages courts to respect previous decisions
What is stare decisis
This amendment establishes the principle that powers not delegated to the national government or prohibited to the states are reserved to the states or the people
What is the 10th Amendment
This 1824 Supreme Court case strengthened national authority over commerce occurring between states
Gibbons v. Ogden
The House and Senate pass different versions of the same bill. This type of committee can work out the differences
What is a conference committee
Unlike a pardon, this presidential power merely postpones or delays punishment
What is a reprieve
NASA and the CIA are examples from our chapter of organizations in this broad category outside the Cabinet departments
What are independent agencies
When a higher court reviews a lower court's decision for possible legal error, it exercises this type of jurisdiction
What is appellate jurisdiction
Four Supreme Court justices must agree to hear a case under this informal rule
What is the Rule of Four
Florida creates a new law governing businesses that operate only within Florida's borders. What type of commerce is Florida regulating
What is intrastate commerce
The federal government gives states money for a program but requires them to follow certain federal rules in order to receive the funding. What approach to federalism does this best demonstrate
What is regulated federalism
A member of Congress believes a bill is best for the country even though most voters in the member's district oppose it. Which model of representation is the member using
What is a trustee model
The president claims that confidential executive communications should not be disclosed. This presidential concept was importantly limited in U.S. v. Nixon
What is executive privilege
The president directs executive-branch officials on how to carry out policy within existing constitutional and statutory authority using this tool
What is an executive order
A defendant loses a federal trial and appeals. The appeals court reviews the case. What is the job of the appeals court in this scenario?
What is review the lower court for errors of law
The Supreme Court agrees to review a lower-court case by issuing this order
What is a writ of certiorari