Signaling Pathways (Reception & Transduction)
This is the name of the chemical messenger that binds to a receptor.
Ligand.
This type of local signaling occurs when a cell releases a signal that affects neighboring cells.
Paracrine Signaling
This is the phase of the cell cycle where DNA is replicated.
S Phase.
This regulatory protein accumulates during interphase and binds with CDK to trigger mitosis.
Cyclin.
These are the three main steps in a signal transduction pathway.
Reception, Transduction, and Response.
This type of long-distance signaling uses the bloodstream to carry hormones throughout the body.
Endocrine Signaling.
During this stage of mitosis, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
Anaphase.
This is the "restriction point" in the cell cycle, If passed, the cell usually commits to division.
G1 phase.
These enzymes are responsible for phosphorylating (activating) proteins in a cascade.
Protein Kinases
This is the primary cellular response of a transduction pathway.
Change in gene expression (or protein synthesis)
This is the resting state or non-dividing state where cells can enter if they do not pass the G1 checkpoint.
G0 Phase
This term refers to programmed cell death.
Apoptosis.
Examples of these small, non-protein molecules include cAMP and Calcium ions.
Second Messengers.
Steroid hormones, being hydrophobic, typically bind to receptors in this location.
Cytoplasm or nucleus.
These microtubule-organizing centers move to opposite poles during prophase.
Centrioles or centrosomes.
Uncontrolled cell growth resulting from broken regulation leads to this condition.
Cancer.
This type of membrane receptor activates G-proteins by binding GTP.
G-protein coupled receptor.
This term describes when a single ligand binding activates multiple downstream proteins, amplifying the message.
Amplification.
In plant cells, this structure forms during cytokinesis, whereas animal cells form a cleavage furrow.
Cell plate.
This type of feedback loop moves a system away from its initial set point (ex: fruit ripening).
Positive feedback.