cell-to-cell communication
Cells can communicate by direct contact or by releasing these long- or short- distance signals.
what is chemical signals.
Cell signaling begins when a chemical messenger binds to this protein.
what is a receptor protein.
This feedback mechanism reduces the initial stimulus and returns a system to a set point.
This is the process that produces two genetically identical daughter cells
What is Mitosis.
Programmed cell death is known as this.
What is Apoptosis.
This Long-distance signaling system carries hormones through the body.
What is the endocrine system.
This is the term for the signal molecule that binds a receptor.
what is a ligand.
Thus feedback mechanism amplifies a response and moves the system further from the set point.
What is Positive feedback.
DNA replication occurs during this phase.
what is S phase
If a checkpoint fails, cell may divide uncontrollably, contributing to this disease.
What is Cancer.
Signals that act over short distances on nearby cells are often called these.
What are paracrine signals.
Many pathways include these cascades that relay and amplify signals.
Blood glucose regulation by insulin and glucagon is an example of this type of feedback
This phase involves growth and duplication of organelles before DNA synthesis.
What is G1 phase.
These proteins interact with cyclin-dependent kinases to control progression through the cycle.
what are cyclins
This term describes a cell that has the appropriate receptor to respond to a signal.
what is a target cell.
this seconds messenger is commonly used in eukaryotic signaling to amplify a signal
what is cyclic AMP.
Childbirth contractions are often cited as an example of this type of feedback
What is positive feedback mechanism.
This stage of the cell cycle includes G1, S, and G2.
what is interphase.
If DNA damage is detected, the cell cycle is most likely paused at a checkpoint to allow this.
what is DNA repair before entering the S phase.
This bacterial communication system, coordinates gene expression in response to populagtion density.
What is quorum sensing.
Ligand-gated channels change cell activity by doing this.
What is altering membrane potential and Ion concentration.
If negative feedback fails, internal conditions tend to do this (stabilize or drift from the set point?)
This is the division of the cytoplasm that completes cell division.
what is Cytokinesis.
A mutation that locks a growth-promoting pathway "on" would most likely increase this cellular outcome.
what is uncontrolled cell proliferation. (cell division.)