DNA & Chromosomes
This molecule carries the genetic instructions for all living organisms.
What is DNA?
This is the longest stage of the cell cycle when growth and DNA replication occur.
What is interphase?
This type of cell division produces haploid (n) gametes.
What is meiosis?
This is a random error in gene replication that changes DNA.
What is a mutation?
This process is known as programmed cell death.
What is apoptosis?
During this stage of mitosis, DNA condenses into chromosomes. Chromosomes become visible and the nuclear envelope dissolves.
What is prophase?
During this stage, sister chromatids separate, pull apart, and move toward opposite poles.
What is anaphase?
Meiosis is different from mitosis, because it creates _____ (this many) daughter cells, which are genetically ______ (not identical).
4, unique (or "similar")
This type of mutation replaces one nucleotide with another.
What is a substitution mutation?
Mutations in DNA can lead to cancer because they may change the instructions during transcription and translation, causing cells to produce abnormal versions of ________ (macromolecules) that control the cell cycle.
What are proteins?
These are the name of one-half of a replicated chromosome.
What are chromatids?
During this stage of mitosis, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
What is metaphase?
This process is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
When the two chromosomes align in metaphase, they overlap and share DNA.
What is crossing over?
This is a mass of abnormal cells that build on top of each other in the body, caused by uncontrolled division.
What is a tumor?
If the p53 gene is mutated, cells with damaged DNA may continue through this process uncontrollably.
What is mitosis?
Two identical chromatids attached together at a centromere form this "X" shaped structure.
What is a (replicated) chromosome?
This process divides the cytoplasm to form two completely separated daughter cells.
What is cytokinesis?
This error occurs when chromosomes fail to separate correctly during meiosis, leaving each daughter cell with an uneven number of chromatids.
What is nondisjunction?
This type of tumor is cancerous and harmful.
(options: Malignant, Metastatic, or Benign)
What is malignant?
Explain why cancer cells spread more easily throughout the body than normal cells. Use the word apoptosis in your answer.
What is cancer cells ignore normal cell cycle controls and apoptosis, allowing uncontrolled division and spread?
This region of a chromosome is where sister chromatids are attached.
What is the centromere?
DNA replication occurs during this phase of interphase, during the cell cycle.
(options: G0, G1, S, or G2)
What is S phase?
Meiosis creates cells with this number of chromosome sets.
(Use "n" notation and/or write the word)
What is haploid (n)?
This tumor-suppressor gene stops the cell cycle if DNA damage is detected.
What is the p53 gene?
p53 proteins normally function during these two beginning phases of interphase (the cell cycle), in order to check for DNA damage. (2 answers)
(options: G0, G1, S, or G2)
What are G1 and S phases?