Energy & ATP
What is potential energy?
Stored energy that can be used later.
What organelle is responsible for most steps of aerobic cellular respiration?
The mitochondria.
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
What are the four chambers of the human heart?
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.
What is a pathogen?
A disease-causing agent, such as a virus, bacterium, fungus, or parasite.
What is kinetic energy?
Energy of motion.
What is the first step of cellular respiration, and where does it take place?
Glycolysis, which takes place in the cytoplasm (cytosol).
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Tendons connect muscle to bone, while ligaments connect bone to bone.
What is the difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood toward the heart.
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
Active immunity happens when your own immune system produces a response. Passive immunity happens when you receive antibodies made by another source.
What molecule provides immediate usable energy for cells?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
What are the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration in order?
Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation (preparatory reaction), Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation.
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord).
What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?
Pulmonary circulation carries blood between the heart and lungs. Systemic circulation carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
What are the four main signs of inflammation?
Redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Sympathetic controls fight or flight, while parasympathetic controls rest and digest.
What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
It acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, initiating electrical signals that cause the atria to contract.
What is the difference between B cells and T cells?
B cells can develop into plasma cells that produce antibodies. T cells help coordinate immune responses or directly kill infected cells.
What does the second law of thermodynamics explain about exercise?
Energy transfers increase entropy, and some energy is dispersed as heat instead of becoming useful movement.
What is the overall equation for aerobic cellular respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP and heat).
What is the difference between sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons?
Sensory neurons carry information toward the central nervous system, interneurons process and connect signals within the central nervous system, and motor neurons carry commands to muscles or glands.
What is the correct order of blood flow through the heart, lungs, and body?
Body → vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body.
How does a vaccine help protect your body against future infections?
It exposes your immune system to a safe form or component of a pathogen's antigen, helping your body develop immune memory so it can respond faster if exposed later.