joints/motion
What role do joints play in the human body?
Movement. The joints help attach bones to one another to provide flexibility & allow the muscles to help give the bones a way to move.
How are muscles named?
According to location, origin, insertion, size, shape and type of action.
What is a sarcomere?
Fundamental unit of muscle structure.
How do the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries relate to their function in the body?
Arteries- Three layers of thick, fairly rigid walls to allow them to expand/contract & to handle high pressure
Veins- Three layers of elastic/collapsible walls with valves to prevent the backflow of blood as it moves toward the heart
Capillaries- Thin walled & microscopic in size to allow exchange of materials, often have pores to allow movement of materials
What is muscle fatigue?
Muscle fatigue is when the muscles can't generate force.
What are the different types of synovial joints?
SIX types of synovial joints: pivot, hinge, saddle, plane, condyloid, and ball-and-socket joints
What do skeletal muscle structure and attachment to bones tell you about function?
Muscle moves the bones for movement.
How does a sarcomere contract and lengthen to cause muscle contraction?
Myosin pulls actin, and actin pulls the sarcomere's ends toward the middle
1.What are varicose veins?
2.Why don’t we ever hear about varicose arteries?
1.Big, twisty veins near the skin's surface that are caused by weakened valves. They can run in families, but are also caused by age, being overweight and standing for long periods of time.
2.They don’t exist.
How are we able to overcome muscle fatigue?
Continued strength training can increase the nerve's ability to sustain high frequency signals for longer time periods.
How do you measure the range of motion of a particular joint movement?
Goniometer
What are the requirements for muscle contraction?
Energy to break the bond between the myosin heads and the actin active sites, as well as for the removal of calcium from the cytoplasm by the use of a pump within the sarcoplamic reticulum.
How is the condition rigor mortis related to muscle contraction?
The muscles become contracted and unable to relax, so the joints are fixed in place
1. What is cardiac output?
2. How does cardiac output help assess overall heart health?
1. The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute (mL/min) out of the left side
2. Normal cardiac output is needed to move oxygen and nutrients to all the body's tissues.
1.What are performance-enhancing drugs?
2.Why should certain performance-enhancing drugs be banned from athletic competition?
1. Artificial ways of making the body function better during competition.
2. These drugs can make for an "unleveled playing field" & some can harm health (steroids).
How do bones, muscles and joints work together to enable movement and locomotion for the human body?
Muscles get shorter and pull bones with them as they do around a joint.
What role do calcium and ATP play in muscle contraction?
ATP pulls actin across myosin
Calcium ions then flow into the cytoplasm and bind to the troponin and tropomyosin molecules in the actin filaments of the muscle cells.
What is the pathway of blood in and out of the heart in pulmonary and systemic circulation?
Systemic- Left atrium > Left ventricle> Aorta> Arteries> Arterioles> Capillaries> Venules> Veins> Right atrium
What is blood pressure?
What is the connection between power and movement in the body?
1.A measure of how fast the molecules in blood are hitting the walls of the arteries.
2. The blood pressure in the legs can be taken to measure how well blood is circulating to those limbs.
1.How does the body maintain a supply of ATP during exercise?
2.What body systems are involved with powering an athlete through a running race?
1.Phosphagen system, glycogen-lactic acid system, and aerobic respiration.
2.Digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular.
How do muscles assist with movement of the body and of substances around the body?
It is attached to both the bones by strong cords called tendons making the muscles contract. When the muscles contracts, usually just one bone moves.
How do muscles assist with movement of the body and of substances around the body?
It is attached to both the bones by strong cords called tendons making the muscles contract. When the muscles contracts, usually just one bone moves.
How can we assess muscle function?
Manual muscle testing or Isokinetic dynamometry.
How does an increased or decreased cardiac output impact the body?
If a person's cardiac output is lower than normal, the tissues can suffer or blood pressure can become unhealthy. An increased cardiac output from exercise can help strengthen the heart.
How do specific performance-enhancing drugs affect the human body?
Anabolid steriods promote tissue growth & improve endurance. Blood doping is loading an athlete's blood with his/her own RBCs so blood carries more oxygen. Erythropoietin can be injected into the athlete to promote RBC production & increase O2 carrying capacity.