Unit 4 Jeopardy

Immunity

100

DESCRIBE the two different types of immunity.

1. Non-Specific Resistance: No recognition 2. Specific Immunity: Recognize and bind, involves memory

200

What are four examples of non-specific resistance? (Describe.)

1. External Barriers 2. Phagocytosis 3. Fever 4. Inflammation Please refer to the immunity chart for the description of these immune responses.

300

What are the two subdivisions within specific immunity?

1. Cell-mediated 2. Antibody-mediated (Humoral)

400

Describe cell-mediated immunity. (The process)

- Macrophage ingests a pathogen - Display piece of bacterial antigen on their surface (receptor) - Alert other cells - Now the macrophage is considered as a APC - Class 2 receptors - Helper T-Cells bind to macrophages (because antigen is presented on the surface) - Secrete Interleukins (activate everyone else) - Activate cytotoxic T-cells - Recognizes cell infected with pathogen - by the piece of antigen on its surface - Kill cell by injecting with perforin (inserts water channels, cell bursts) - Phagocyte

500

Describe antibody-mediated immunity and the functions of antibodies.

- Antigen in body - Activates correct B-cell - Multiply - Differentiate (plasma cell) - Secrete antibodies - Form antigen-antibody complex 1. Neutralization - mask dangerous part of bacteria or virus, cannot infect anything else (enhance PC) 2. Agglutination - bacteria cannot move around and infect other things (enhance PC) 3. Precipitation - similar to agglutination, but for soluble antigens (enhance PC) 4. Complement System - antibodies bind to cell and activate this, cause cell to lyse and enhance inflammation and PC

Respiratory System

100

What are the four processes that the Respiratory System does?

1. Ventilation 2. External Respiration 3. Transport 4. Internal Respiration

200

Describe how inspiration occurs.

1. Inspiratory muscles contract = ACTIVE, NEED MUSCLE TO CONTRACT 2. Diaphragm flattens 3. External intercostals contract 4. Pulls ribs - up and out 5. Results: Thoracic volume increases Intrapulmonary volume increases Intrapulmonary pressure decreases Now less than atmospheric pressure; Therefore air flows IN

300

Describe how expiration occurs. Is it active or passive? What is the difference for forceful expiration?

1. Relax inspiratory muscles, diaphragm, external intercostals = PASSIVE 2. Diaphragm goes in dome shape 3. Results Thoracic volume decrease Intrapulmonary volume decrease Intrapulmonary decrease Greater than atmospheric pressure; Therefore air flows OUT Forceful expiration uses more muscles to contract.

400

How does resistance play a role in ventilation?

- FRICTION; Determines flow - Determined by RADIUS - Changing Radius Bronchoconstriction - decrease radius - increase resistance - decrease flow Bronchodilation - increased radius - decrease resistant - increase flow

500

Describe compliance.

A factor of ventilation. Compliance is the distensibility or stretchability. Determined by surface tension. Surface Tension: alveoli are lined with water, cohesion - water interface with air, water wants to stick together, causing alveoli to collapse. Surfactant is a chemical (secreted by Type 2 alveolar cells): reduces the surface tension. Disease decrease surfactant release - increase surface tension - alveoli want to stick together - compliance decreases - hard time breathing - die (Premature Babies).

Respiratory System

100

Where are the two control centers for ventilation?

1. Medulla Oblongata 2. Pons

200

What type of receptor are the sensory receptors for controlling ventilation? Where are they located?

Chemoreceptors; located in the medulla (central) and the carotid and aorta (peripheral).

300

Describe the two ways that oxygen can be transported.

1. bound to hemoglobin - Bind to oxygen (when you get to the lungs, pulmonary circuit) HIGH affinity - Release oxygen (when you get to tissues and cells, systemic circuit) LOW affinity - Review the graph!! (see notes in chart) 2. dissolved in plasma

400

What are the three ways carbon dioxide is transported?

1. Dissolved in plasma 2. bound to hemoglobin 3. Bicarbonate - See equation in chart - Converted in RBC to bicarbonate - then goes into the plasma (acts as a buffer) - Chloride Shift - Bicarbonate out, exchange a chloride for it (Balance the charge)

500

REVIEW THE INTERNAL RESPIRATION AND EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

SEE CHART AND POWERPOINT

Renal Physiology

100

Describe the two capillary system for the renal system.

Artery - arteriole (afferent) - capillary(glomerulus) - arteriole(efferent) - capillary (peritubular)- venule - vein - Renal vein

200

Describe the glomerulus capillary bed.

"A leaky capillary bed"

300

What two factors determine the flirtation of the glomerulus?

1. Size 2. Charge

400

What forces are involved in glomerular filtration?

Glomerular Capillary Blood Pressure: Favors filtration Plasma-Colloid Osmotic Pressure: Opposes Filtration Bowman’s Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure: Opposes Filtration

500

What factors control GFR?

1. Mean Arterial Pressure (Increase MAP = Flow increases to the glomerulus = increase in glomerular pressure and GFR; If you want to lower your GFR, and you lower MAP, you are lowering ALL pressure!) 2. Vasoconstrict Afferent Arteriole (Increase resistance = Flow in decreases = Glomerular capillary blood pressure decreases = GFR decreases) 3. Vasoconstrict Efferent arteriole (Increase resistant = Flow out decreases = Pressure in GFR increases)

Renal Physiology

100

Describe the process of reabsorption.

From the renal tubule --> peritubular capillary Occurs in the PCT, Descending limb, and ascending limb.

200

What is the descending limb permeable? ascending limb? (Reabsorption)

Descending limb: permeable to water, impermeable to Na Ascending limb: permeable to Na, impermeable to water

300

Describe secretion?

From the peritubular capillary --> Renal tubule

400

What is the tubular maximum?

Reach 100% saturation for the channels (More glucose = more transported → Reach transport maximum → cannot reabsorb more → Shows up in urine)

500

What are the two controls of renal function?

1. Neural Control: Sympathetic Stimulation - Stimulates vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles → decreased GFR 2. Hormonal Control: - Angiotensin II: afferent arteriole vasoconstriction - GFR decreases - decrease urine volume - increase blood pressure - Antidiuretic Hormone: increases water reabsorption - decreased urine volume - increase blood pressure - Aldosterone: promotes sodium reabsorption - increase water reabsorption - increase BV - increase blood pressure - ANP: promotes Na secretion - water follows - increase urine volume - decrease blood pressure