Social Psychology
The first major process of learning social values and behaviours, usually through family or caregivers.
Primary socialisation
A framework explaining aggression through the interaction of personal factors, situational factors, internal states and appraisal processes.
General aggression model (GAM)
What is this concept called?
An attitude has three components: affect (feelings), behaviour (actions or behavioural intentions) and cognition (beliefs).
Tri-component model
Explain method of Milgram (1963) Obedience Experiment
Participants were instructed by an experimenter to administer increasingly strong apparent electric shocks to a learner after incorrect answers. The learner was a confederate; no real shocks were delivered.
A tendency to explain one's successes through personal qualities but blame failures on external circumstances.
Self-serving bias
Changing behaviour because you genuinely accept a group's belief as your own.
Internalisation
Helping someone because they have helped you, or because you expect mutual assistance.
Reciprocity principle
What is an attitude that operates automatically or outside conscious awareness called?
Implicit attitude
Explain the results of Haney, Banks & Zimbardo (1973) Prison Experiment
Assigned roles were associated with increasingly harmful guard behaviour and distress among prisoners. The study illustrated the potential influence of roles and power on behaviour.
The stage in which relationship problems or the breakup are discussed with other people.
Social phase - of relationship dissolution
The view that gender development is influenced by biological factors, including genes, hormones and physical development.
Biological theory of gender
Physical or geographical closeness, which can increase opportunities for interaction and attraction.
Proximity
Discomfort caused by inconsistency between beliefs, attitudes or behaviour, which can motivate a person to reduce the inconsistency.
Cognitive dissonance
What theory did Latané & Darley (1969) experiment highlight? What were the main findings?
Theory: Bystander intervention
Findings: Presence of others could reduce or delay helping
Adopting a group's identity as part of one's self-concept.
Social identification
Changing behaviour to gain approval or avoid disapproval, without necessarily accepting the group's beliefs.
Compliance
The first stage of relationship dissolution, in which a person privately considers dissatisfaction with the relationship.
Intrapsychic phase
Blaming an individual or group for problems or frustrations that may have other causes.
Scapegoating
Explain method and results of Bargh, Chen & Burrows (1996) experiment on stereotype priming
Method: Participants completed a scrambled-sentence task containing words associated with either the stereotype of elderly people or a control condition. Researchers then measured how quickly participants walked after leaving the experiment.
Results: Participants exposed to elderly-related words walked more slowly on average than those in the control condition. The findings suggested that activating a stereotype can influence behaviour without a deliberate intention to act in that way.
Weighing the possible costs and benefits of helping before deciding how to act.
Cost–benefit analysis
Learning social expectations through institutions and wider influences such as schools, peers and media.
Secondary socialisation
Fear of being judged negatively by others for intervening incorrectly or overreacting.
Audience inhibition
The tendency to overemphasise personal characteristics and underestimate situational influences when explaining other people's behaviour.
(in other words: when we attribute other people's behaviour to their personality rather than considering the situation)
Fundamental attribution error
Buss et al. (1990) investigated the biological and cultural explanations of attraction. Explain method and results of this study.
Method: Researchers surveyed people from 37 cultures about preferred characteristics in a long-term partner, comparing preferences across cultures and between men and women.
Results:
Across cultures, men on average placed greater importance on a potential partner's youth and physical attractiveness, while women on average placed greater importance on earning potential. These findings are consistent with evolutionary explanations, although cultural influences also matter.
Learning gender-role behaviours by observing and imitating others and through reinforcement.
Social learning theory of gender