Protein Synthesis
What is the process of copying DNA into mRNA?
Transcription
What is a mutation?
A change in a DNA sequence
What type of mutation causes sickle cell disease?
Point mutation
The building blocks of proteins
Amino Acids
If a codon changes, what might happen to the protein?
A different amino acid may be added
Where does Translation occur in the cell?
Ribosome
What type of mutation changes one base?
Point Mutation (substitution)
What happens to red blood cells in sickle cell disease?
They become sickle shaped
A three-base sequence on mRNA
Codon
What would happen if a mutation occurs in a non-coding region?
No effect
What type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome?
tRNA
Name one type of mutation that shifts the reading frame?
Insertion / Deletion
What protein is affected in sickle cell disease?
Hemoglobin
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein
Gene
Why do frameshift mutations usually have large effects?
They change all downstream amino acids
What is the role of mRNA?
Carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosome
Name one effect mutations can have on proteins.
Can change structure/function or have no effect
Why is sickle cell trait beneficial in some regions?
Provides resistance to malaria
The model of DNA replication in which each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand
Semi-conservative Model
How does protein structure relate to function?
Shape determines function
Explain how a codon determines a protein.
Each codon codes for a specific amino acid, building a protein sequence
Why are some mutations beneficial?
They can increase survival or reproduction in certain environments
Is sickle cell disease dominant or recessive? Explain.
Recessive; two mutated alleles are needed for the disease
The enzyme that builds a new DNA strand by adding complementary nucleotides during replication
DNA Polymerase
Why are some mutations considered "silent"?
They do not change the amino acid, so the protein stays the same