Sectionalism
What was the Compromise of 1850?
California added as a free state, Utah and New Mexico territories were created and slavery decided by popular sovereignty, Fugitive Slave Act enacted, abolition of slave trade in DC
What was Lincoln's goal in the beginning of the Civil War?
To preserve the Union
What were the 14th and 15th Amendments?
14 - Grants citizenship to formally enslaved people
15 - Grants voting rights to anyone regardless of race, gender, religion, nationality, etc
What is the definition of 'Manifest Destiny'?
The American belief that the United States is destined by God to expand across the entire North American continent
What is the difference between a free-soiler and an abolitionist?
Abolitionist: Viewed slavery as morally wrong, believes it should be banned everywhere
What was the main difference between the Southern economy vs the North?
The North developed an industrial, urban economy with rising immigration; the South remained agricultural, dominated by "King Cotton" and enslaved labor
Why did Lincoln postpone the end of the Civil War?
To make sure the 13th Amendment was passed before the South rejoined the Union.
What did the "Black Codes" passed by Southern states in 1865-1866 aim to do?
Restrict the rights of formerly enslaved people and enforce a labor force similar to slavery
What was the Homestead Act?
U.S. law that accelerated Western expansion by granting 160 acres of public land to any adult citizen—including formerly enslaved people and women—who paid a small fee, built a home, and cultivated the land for five years
Defenders of enslavement based their arguments on what social doctrines, views, beliefs, Constitutional beliefs, etc? List 2.
Examples:
Justified slavery using the Bible, "Curse of Ham"
Constitutional arguments protecting property rights and states' rights
Argued as a "positive good"
Paternalism, portraying enslaved people as child-like and incapable of caring for themselves
What was the Wilmont Provisio?
A proposal to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico. It passed the House but failed in the Senate.
What was the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation?
functions as a wartime measure that shifted the purpose of the war from solely preserving the Union to actively abolishing slavery
increased northern morale
What was a major economic consequence of Reconstruction for African Americans in the South?
Most were forced into sharecropping and tenant farming, creating a cycle of debt that was almost impossible to leave
Which territories were the primary motivation for the United States to go to war with Mexico in 1846?
To acquire California and the New Mexico territory
What was the South's reliance on enslavement economically?
The South relied on enslaved labor as cash crops, principally cotton, tobacco, sugar, and rice supported the South's economy. The southern economy was almost entirely agrarian.
How did Uncle Tom's cabin contribute to sectionalism/northern resentment against the South?
Uncle Tom's Cabin book portrayed Southern slaveholders as immoral and exposed the brutality of enslavement to a mass audience (many northerners introduced and educated to the horrors of slavery)
How did Lincoln's presidency result in 7 states seceded from the Union?
Southern leaders perceived his free-soiler platform as an existential threat to slavery, their economy, and their political power
What was the main purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau?
To provide food, clothing, and education to previously enslaved people and poorer white people
What proposed amendment aimed to forbid slavery in any territory acquired from the Mexican-American War?
The Wilmot Proviso
What was the difference in sentiment towards the Irish vs German immigrants in major cities in the 1840s and 1850s?
Irish - unskilled laboring jobs, Catholic, largely in Boston and NY
German - typically richer than Irish, mix of religions, variety of social classes, largely in Old Northwest Frontier on homestead
Explain the effects John Brown had on sectionalism.
John Brown caused many in the South to believe that militant abolitionists were actively conspiring to destroy their way of life
Describe the Anaconda Plan.
The Union's three-part strategy:
1) Blockade Southern ports,
2) Control the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy
3) Capture Richmond.
How did Reconstruction end in 1877?
Compromise of 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes agreed to remove federal troops from the South
Describe the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.
A small sliver of land bought from Mexico for a southern transcontinental railroad route for the purpose of connecting the Southern states directly to the Pacific coast, boosting their economic and political influence
Which were the border states that were slave states but did not secede into the Confederacy? Name at least 3/4
Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware