Interspecies Interactions
Coevolution
Biodiversity
Island Biogeography
True or False
100
What type of interspecific relationship is being shown here?
Predation
100
________________________________ is the process in which different species act as selective forces upon each other
Coevolution
100
Which of the communities below has a greater species evenness?
Community 1
100
The ___________-_____________ _____________ is a phenomenon in which larger islands contain more species than smaller islands
Species-Area effect
100
True or false: Interspecific competition refers to competition between members of the same species, while intraspecific competition refers to competition between members of different species
False; switch
200
True or False: Competition is positive (+/+) for both species involved
False; (-/-)
200
__________ ____________ ________ identifies the best strategy by which an organism can maximize energy per unit of time (a predator's way of deciding which prey items to eat)
Optimal foraging theory
200
A _____________ refers to the role an organism plays in its ecosystem, including the resources it exploits and the physical space it occupies
Niche
200
A small island will have a smaller ___________________ rate than a large island. This will ___________________ the equilibrium species number
Immigration; decrease
200
The yucca moth and yucca require each other's presence in order to survive. Is this an example of facultative or obligate mutualism?
Obligate
300
What kind of interspecies interaction has a (+/-) relationship where one species derives nutrients from a host species?
Parasitism
300
Which prey strategy is being implemented in the picture shown below: predator swamping, crypticity, or aposematic coloring?
Aposematic coloring
300
______________ _________________ refers to the relative abundance of each species within a given area
Species evenness
300
A small island will have a higher ___________________ rate than a large island. This will ___________________ the equilibrium species number
Extinction; decrease
300
True or false: greater species diversity results when disturbances like wildfires and floods happen rarely
BONUS: Ecological succession typically follows the pattern of -- pioneer species (lichens and mosses), intermediate species (trees), climax community (undergrowth fills in once trees are established)
False; intermediate disturbance hypothesis
True
400
Cattle egrets eat bugs stirred up by feeding cattle, but cattle remain unaffected by the cattle egrets. What kind of relationship is this?
Commensalism
400
Identify which of the pictures below is an example of Batesian mimicry, and which picture is an example of Mullerian mimicry
Bees and wasps: Mullerian mimicry
Milk snake and coral snake: Batesian mimicry
400
_________________, or the boundaries between terrestrial habitats, usually have high species diversity
Ecotones
400
A near island will have a higher ____________________ rate than a far island. This will ____________________ the equilibrium species number
Immigration; increase
400
True or False: More complex habitats tend to have lower species diversity because they are more difficult to live in
False: complex habitats have higher species diversity because they have more physical space and diverse resources; organisms can divide up space using niche partitioning to avoid direct competition for resources
500
Clownfish and sea anemones benefit from each other's presence; clownfish receive protection and sea anemones receive additional food. What kind of relationship is this?
Mutualism
500
Draw the three functional response curves generated by a predator's response to increasing prey numbers, and briefly explain the shape of each curve in terms of handling time
Type I: No handling time, so more prey = more prey eaten
Type II: Significant handling time, so # of prey eaten plateaus at high prey density
Type III: Predators are visual, so few prey are caught when prey #'s are low. Prey consumed plateaus at high numbers due to handling time
500
Imagine a local park with 100 total trees (N = 100). A biologist samples the area and records the following four species:
- Oak Trees (n₁): 60
- Maple Trees (n₂): 20
- Pine Trees (n₃): 10
- Birch Trees (n₄): 10
What is the Simpson's Diversity Index?
D = 0.58
500
How many species occupy the near, large island? How many species occupy the far, small island?
Near, large: 8 species
Small, far: 4 species
500
True or False: Lower latitudes (like the equator) tend to support more species diversity than higher latitudes
True; overall a greater area of land, plus intermediate disturbances and greater habitat complexity around lower latitudes